MICROBIOLOGY A SYSTEMS APPROACH
EXAM SCRIPT 2026 COMPREHENSIVE
QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS GRADED A PLUS
IMMUNOLOGY PRACTICE PACKAGE
◉ Bioremediation.
Answer: Introduction of microbes into the environment to resort
stability or clean up toxic pollutants such as oil spills or chemical
spills, or for use in water and sewage treatment
◉ Examples of human use of microbiology: biotechnology -
Recombinant DNA Technology.
Answer: Allows microbes to be engineered to synthesize desirable
proteins (i.e. drugs, hormones, and enzymes)
◉ General characteristics of Prokaryotic organisms.
Answer: About 10x smaller than eukaryotes.
Lack nucleus, organelles.
Have a cell wall.
All are microorganisms.
◉ General characteristics of Eukaryotic organisms.
,Answer: About 10 x bigger than prokaryotes. Have organelles and
nucleus
Lack cell wall.
Not all are microorganisms
◉ General characteristics of Viruses.
Answer: Not independently living cellular organisms.
Much simpler than cells - basically a small amount of DNA or RNA
wrapped in protein and sometimes by a lipid membrane (envelope).
Individual are referred to as a virus particle or virion.
Depend on the infected cell's machinery to multiply and disperse.
◉ Louis Pasteur.
Answer: Discovered Pasteurization
Developed the Germ Theory of Disease
◉ Robert Koch.
Answer: Verified Germ Theory
Developed Koch's Postulates
◉ Koch's Postulates.
Answer: Disease is always in sick, not healthy
,Isolate microorganism
Infection with pure microbes results in disease
Re-isoalte microorganism from infected individuals
◉ Major groups of microbes.
Answer: Bacteria, Algae, Protozoa, Archaea, Helminths, Viruses
◉ Virus.
Answer: Non-cellular, parasitic, protein-coated genetic elements that
can infect all living things, including other microbes
◉ Major types of Prokaryotes.
Answer: Bacteria, Archaea
◉ Major types of Eukaryotes.
Answer: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, Helminths
◉ Bacteriology.
Answer: Study of Prokaryotes
◉ Mycology.
Answer: Study of Fungi
, ◉ Phycology.
Answer: Study of Algae
◉ Protozoology.
Answer: Study of Protozoa
◉ Virology.
Answer: Study of Viruses
◉ Immunology.
Answer: Study of the immune system
◉ Taxonomy.
Answer: The science and classification of living things
◉ acelluar.
Answer: viruses
◉ The earliest organisms found in the fossil record.
Answer: Microbes
EXAM SCRIPT 2026 COMPREHENSIVE
QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS GRADED A PLUS
IMMUNOLOGY PRACTICE PACKAGE
◉ Bioremediation.
Answer: Introduction of microbes into the environment to resort
stability or clean up toxic pollutants such as oil spills or chemical
spills, or for use in water and sewage treatment
◉ Examples of human use of microbiology: biotechnology -
Recombinant DNA Technology.
Answer: Allows microbes to be engineered to synthesize desirable
proteins (i.e. drugs, hormones, and enzymes)
◉ General characteristics of Prokaryotic organisms.
Answer: About 10x smaller than eukaryotes.
Lack nucleus, organelles.
Have a cell wall.
All are microorganisms.
◉ General characteristics of Eukaryotic organisms.
,Answer: About 10 x bigger than prokaryotes. Have organelles and
nucleus
Lack cell wall.
Not all are microorganisms
◉ General characteristics of Viruses.
Answer: Not independently living cellular organisms.
Much simpler than cells - basically a small amount of DNA or RNA
wrapped in protein and sometimes by a lipid membrane (envelope).
Individual are referred to as a virus particle or virion.
Depend on the infected cell's machinery to multiply and disperse.
◉ Louis Pasteur.
Answer: Discovered Pasteurization
Developed the Germ Theory of Disease
◉ Robert Koch.
Answer: Verified Germ Theory
Developed Koch's Postulates
◉ Koch's Postulates.
Answer: Disease is always in sick, not healthy
,Isolate microorganism
Infection with pure microbes results in disease
Re-isoalte microorganism from infected individuals
◉ Major groups of microbes.
Answer: Bacteria, Algae, Protozoa, Archaea, Helminths, Viruses
◉ Virus.
Answer: Non-cellular, parasitic, protein-coated genetic elements that
can infect all living things, including other microbes
◉ Major types of Prokaryotes.
Answer: Bacteria, Archaea
◉ Major types of Eukaryotes.
Answer: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, Helminths
◉ Bacteriology.
Answer: Study of Prokaryotes
◉ Mycology.
Answer: Study of Fungi
, ◉ Phycology.
Answer: Study of Algae
◉ Protozoology.
Answer: Study of Protozoa
◉ Virology.
Answer: Study of Viruses
◉ Immunology.
Answer: Study of the immune system
◉ Taxonomy.
Answer: The science and classification of living things
◉ acelluar.
Answer: viruses
◉ The earliest organisms found in the fossil record.
Answer: Microbes
