BIO322 PATHO EXAM 4 GCU
UPDATED ACTUAL EXAM PAPER
2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Idiopathic.
Answer: unknown cause
◉ Iatrogenic.
Answer: produced by treatment (ex. chemo)
◉ Noscomial.
Answer: infection acquired in a hospital
◉ 2 most common nosocomial infections.
Answer: 1. UTI
2. Pneumonia
◉ Predisposing Factors.
Answer: age, sex, environment, lifestyle, heredity
◉ SOAP.
Answer: subjective (chief complain), objective (vitals/physical exam),
assessment (diagnosis), plan
,◉ Hypertonic & Hypotonic.
Answer: Hypertonic: Cells shrink (ex. dehydration)
Hypotonic: Cells swell (ex. inflammation - edema)
◉ 3 Electrolytes to know:.
Answer: Sodium: wants to come in
Potassium: wants to leave
Calcium: wants to come in
◉ 5 signs of inflammation.
Answer: heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function
◉ Hyperemia.
Answer: redness of the skin due to increased blood flow, causes heat in
the area
◉ Atrophy.
Answer: decrease in cell size
◉ Hypertrophy.
Answer: increase in cell size, increased work demand on hormones
ex. cardiomegaly due to Hypertension
, ◉ Hyperplasia.
Answer: increase in number of cells, increased rate of cellular division
ex. BPH, callus
◉ Metaplasia.
Answer: reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less
mature cell type
ex. Barret's esophagus, Bronchial metaplasia
◉ Dysplasia.
Answer: abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
ex. cervical dysplasia as seen on pap smear
◉ Cell stressors = causes of cell injury.
Answer: - Hypoxic injury (lack of Oxygen) - MCC
- Unintentional/Intentional physical trauma
- Free radicals & reactive oxygen species (ROS) - oxidative stress
- Ionizing Radiation (X-rays, UV rays)
- Nutritional Imbalances (Kwashiorkor, Vit. A toxicity)
◉ Nutritional Imbalances.
Answer: excesses or deficiencies
UPDATED ACTUAL EXAM PAPER
2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Idiopathic.
Answer: unknown cause
◉ Iatrogenic.
Answer: produced by treatment (ex. chemo)
◉ Noscomial.
Answer: infection acquired in a hospital
◉ 2 most common nosocomial infections.
Answer: 1. UTI
2. Pneumonia
◉ Predisposing Factors.
Answer: age, sex, environment, lifestyle, heredity
◉ SOAP.
Answer: subjective (chief complain), objective (vitals/physical exam),
assessment (diagnosis), plan
,◉ Hypertonic & Hypotonic.
Answer: Hypertonic: Cells shrink (ex. dehydration)
Hypotonic: Cells swell (ex. inflammation - edema)
◉ 3 Electrolytes to know:.
Answer: Sodium: wants to come in
Potassium: wants to leave
Calcium: wants to come in
◉ 5 signs of inflammation.
Answer: heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function
◉ Hyperemia.
Answer: redness of the skin due to increased blood flow, causes heat in
the area
◉ Atrophy.
Answer: decrease in cell size
◉ Hypertrophy.
Answer: increase in cell size, increased work demand on hormones
ex. cardiomegaly due to Hypertension
, ◉ Hyperplasia.
Answer: increase in number of cells, increased rate of cellular division
ex. BPH, callus
◉ Metaplasia.
Answer: reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less
mature cell type
ex. Barret's esophagus, Bronchial metaplasia
◉ Dysplasia.
Answer: abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
ex. cervical dysplasia as seen on pap smear
◉ Cell stressors = causes of cell injury.
Answer: - Hypoxic injury (lack of Oxygen) - MCC
- Unintentional/Intentional physical trauma
- Free radicals & reactive oxygen species (ROS) - oxidative stress
- Ionizing Radiation (X-rays, UV rays)
- Nutritional Imbalances (Kwashiorkor, Vit. A toxicity)
◉ Nutritional Imbalances.
Answer: excesses or deficiencies
