BIO 226 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY TEST 2
KEY CONCEPTS AND REVIEW NOTES 2026
◉ down-regulation. Answer: target cells lose receptors in response
to high hormone levels
◉ free or bound. Answer: Hormones circulate in blood either ____ or
______
◉ rate of release and speed of inactivation and removal from the
body. Answer: What does the concentration of circulating vision
reflect?
◉ 1. degrading ezymes
2.kidneys
3. liver. Answer: How can hormones be removed from the body?
◉ half-life. Answer: time required for level of hormone in blood level
to decrease by 1/2
◉ permissiveness. Answer: one hormone cannot exert its effects
w/o another hormone beig present
,◉ synergism. Answer: more than one hormone produces the same
effects on target cells, causing amplification
◉ antagonism. Answer: one or more hormones oppose action of
another hormone
◉ infundibulum. Answer: The stalk that connects the hypothalamus
to the pituitary gland
◉ posterior pituitary gland. Answer: composed of neural tissue that
secretes neurohormones
◉ anterior pituitary gland. Answer: consists of glandular tissue also
known as adenohypophysis
◉ hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract. Answer: posterior lobe mantains
neural connection to the thypothalamus that arises from neurons in
paraventicular and supraoptic nuclei
◉ oxytocin and ADH. Answer: What are the two hormones produced
by the hypothalamus
◉ paraventricular neurons/ supraoptic neurons. Answer: What
neurons produce oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone?
,◉ labor and milk production. Answer: What are the two funtions of
oxytocin?
◉ daibetes insipidus and pschyogenic polydipsia. Answer: What is
caused by a defiency of ADH?
◉ Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH).
Answer: fluid retention headache, disorentation due to brain edema
and decreased solute in blood
◉ adenohypophysis. Answer: What is another name for the anterior
pituitary lobe?
◉ Primary capillary plexus, phophyseal portal veins, secondary
capillary plexus. Answer: What are the veins and arteries that make
up the hypophyseal portal system?
◉ releasing & inhibiting. Answer: Hypothalamus secretes
______________ & ____________________ hormones to anterior pituitary to
regulate hormone secretion.
◉ tropic hormones. Answer: hormones that regulate secretion of
other hormones
, ◉ growth hormones. Answer: produced by somatotropic cells and
has direct actions on metabolism and indirect growth promoting
hormones
◉ insulin like growth factors. Answer: growth hormones trigger
liver, skeletal muscle, and bone to produce
◉ cell division, wound healing. and cell differentation. Answer: What
are GH natural substances capable of stimulating?
◉ hypothalamus hormones on somatropic cells. Answer: What
regulates GH release or inhibtion?
◉ Growth hormone releasing hormones. Answer: What triggers the
release of GH which is triggered by low GH or glucose or high amino
acid levels?
◉ Growth hormone inhibiting hormone. Answer: What inhibits GH
which is triggered by increase of GF and IGF levels?
◉ thyroid stimulating hormone. Answer: produced in thyrotropic
cells and stimualtes normal development and secretory activity of
the thyroid also called thyrotropin
KEY CONCEPTS AND REVIEW NOTES 2026
◉ down-regulation. Answer: target cells lose receptors in response
to high hormone levels
◉ free or bound. Answer: Hormones circulate in blood either ____ or
______
◉ rate of release and speed of inactivation and removal from the
body. Answer: What does the concentration of circulating vision
reflect?
◉ 1. degrading ezymes
2.kidneys
3. liver. Answer: How can hormones be removed from the body?
◉ half-life. Answer: time required for level of hormone in blood level
to decrease by 1/2
◉ permissiveness. Answer: one hormone cannot exert its effects
w/o another hormone beig present
,◉ synergism. Answer: more than one hormone produces the same
effects on target cells, causing amplification
◉ antagonism. Answer: one or more hormones oppose action of
another hormone
◉ infundibulum. Answer: The stalk that connects the hypothalamus
to the pituitary gland
◉ posterior pituitary gland. Answer: composed of neural tissue that
secretes neurohormones
◉ anterior pituitary gland. Answer: consists of glandular tissue also
known as adenohypophysis
◉ hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract. Answer: posterior lobe mantains
neural connection to the thypothalamus that arises from neurons in
paraventicular and supraoptic nuclei
◉ oxytocin and ADH. Answer: What are the two hormones produced
by the hypothalamus
◉ paraventricular neurons/ supraoptic neurons. Answer: What
neurons produce oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone?
,◉ labor and milk production. Answer: What are the two funtions of
oxytocin?
◉ daibetes insipidus and pschyogenic polydipsia. Answer: What is
caused by a defiency of ADH?
◉ Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH).
Answer: fluid retention headache, disorentation due to brain edema
and decreased solute in blood
◉ adenohypophysis. Answer: What is another name for the anterior
pituitary lobe?
◉ Primary capillary plexus, phophyseal portal veins, secondary
capillary plexus. Answer: What are the veins and arteries that make
up the hypophyseal portal system?
◉ releasing & inhibiting. Answer: Hypothalamus secretes
______________ & ____________________ hormones to anterior pituitary to
regulate hormone secretion.
◉ tropic hormones. Answer: hormones that regulate secretion of
other hormones
, ◉ growth hormones. Answer: produced by somatotropic cells and
has direct actions on metabolism and indirect growth promoting
hormones
◉ insulin like growth factors. Answer: growth hormones trigger
liver, skeletal muscle, and bone to produce
◉ cell division, wound healing. and cell differentation. Answer: What
are GH natural substances capable of stimulating?
◉ hypothalamus hormones on somatropic cells. Answer: What
regulates GH release or inhibtion?
◉ Growth hormone releasing hormones. Answer: What triggers the
release of GH which is triggered by low GH or glucose or high amino
acid levels?
◉ Growth hormone inhibiting hormone. Answer: What inhibits GH
which is triggered by increase of GF and IGF levels?
◉ thyroid stimulating hormone. Answer: produced in thyrotropic
cells and stimualtes normal development and secretory activity of
the thyroid also called thyrotropin
