BIO 226 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY TEST 2
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE 2026
◉ endocrine glands produce hormones and do not have ducts and
the exocrine glands produce nonhormonal substances through
ducts. Answer: What are the differences between endocrine and
exocrine glands?
◉ pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands. Answer: What are
the endocrine glands?
◉ pancreas, gonads, placenta. Answer: What are the organs/glands
in the endocrine system that have both endocrine and exocriine
functions?
◉ neuroendocrine. Answer: hypothalamus is ___________ organ due to
the neural and endicrine functions.
◉ autocrines. Answer: chemcials that exert effects on same cells that
secrete them
◉ paracrines. Answer: locally acting chemical that affect
neighboring cells that do not secrete those hormones
,◉ false. Answer: True or false. Autocrines and paracrines are local
messsangers and considered part of endocrine system.
◉ amino acid based hormones and steriods. Answer: What are the
two main classes of hormones?
◉ eicosaniods. Answer: What is the possible third class of hormone?
◉ no. Answer: Can amino acids based hormones cross the plasma
membrane?
◉ yes. Answer: Can steriods cross the plasma membrane?
◉ 1. Alter plasma membrane permability
2. stimulate synthesis of enzymes or other protiens
3. activate or deactivate enzymes
4. induce secetory activty
5. stimulate mitosis. Answer: How can hormone alter target cell
ativity ?
◉ chemical nature and receptor location. Answer: What are the two
ways hormones can act?
,◉ cyclic AMP
PIP2 Calcium. Answer: What are the two main second messanger
system used for amino acid based hormones?
◉ 1. Hormone binds to the receptor
2. Receptor actiavte G protien
3. G protien actiavtes or inhibits effector enzyme adenylate cyclase
4. Adenylate cyclase then converts ATP to cAMP
5. cAMP actiavtes protien kinases that phosphorylate to other
protiens. Answer: What is the cAMP signaling mechanism steps?
◉ phosphodiesterase. Answer: converts cAMP to AMP
◉ diacyglycerol and inositol triphosphate and Ca ions. Answer: What
are the three second messangers in PIP2 Calcium signlaling
mechanism?
◉ calmodulin. Answer: calcium binding protein
◉ negative feedback system. Answer: What feedback systems
control blood levels of hormones?
, ◉ endocrine gland stimuli and nervous system modification.
Answer: What triggers the release of hormones?
◉ humoral stimuli. Answer: changing blood levels of ions and
nutrients daily stimulate the secretion of hormones
◉ neural stimuli. Answer: nerve fibers stimulate hormone release
◉ hormonal stimuli. Answer: hormones stimulate otehr endocrine
organs to release thri hormones
◉ anterior pituitary hormones. Answer: What hormones do the
hypothalamic stimulates the rease of?
◉ false. Answer: True or false. The nervous system is unable to
modify hormone levels when necessary.
◉ 1. Blood levels of hormones
2. relative number of receptors on/in target cells
3. affinity between receptor and hormone. Answer: What are the
factors that target cell activation depends on?
◉ affinty. Answer: strength of the bond
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE 2026
◉ endocrine glands produce hormones and do not have ducts and
the exocrine glands produce nonhormonal substances through
ducts. Answer: What are the differences between endocrine and
exocrine glands?
◉ pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands. Answer: What are
the endocrine glands?
◉ pancreas, gonads, placenta. Answer: What are the organs/glands
in the endocrine system that have both endocrine and exocriine
functions?
◉ neuroendocrine. Answer: hypothalamus is ___________ organ due to
the neural and endicrine functions.
◉ autocrines. Answer: chemcials that exert effects on same cells that
secrete them
◉ paracrines. Answer: locally acting chemical that affect
neighboring cells that do not secrete those hormones
,◉ false. Answer: True or false. Autocrines and paracrines are local
messsangers and considered part of endocrine system.
◉ amino acid based hormones and steriods. Answer: What are the
two main classes of hormones?
◉ eicosaniods. Answer: What is the possible third class of hormone?
◉ no. Answer: Can amino acids based hormones cross the plasma
membrane?
◉ yes. Answer: Can steriods cross the plasma membrane?
◉ 1. Alter plasma membrane permability
2. stimulate synthesis of enzymes or other protiens
3. activate or deactivate enzymes
4. induce secetory activty
5. stimulate mitosis. Answer: How can hormone alter target cell
ativity ?
◉ chemical nature and receptor location. Answer: What are the two
ways hormones can act?
,◉ cyclic AMP
PIP2 Calcium. Answer: What are the two main second messanger
system used for amino acid based hormones?
◉ 1. Hormone binds to the receptor
2. Receptor actiavte G protien
3. G protien actiavtes or inhibits effector enzyme adenylate cyclase
4. Adenylate cyclase then converts ATP to cAMP
5. cAMP actiavtes protien kinases that phosphorylate to other
protiens. Answer: What is the cAMP signaling mechanism steps?
◉ phosphodiesterase. Answer: converts cAMP to AMP
◉ diacyglycerol and inositol triphosphate and Ca ions. Answer: What
are the three second messangers in PIP2 Calcium signlaling
mechanism?
◉ calmodulin. Answer: calcium binding protein
◉ negative feedback system. Answer: What feedback systems
control blood levels of hormones?
, ◉ endocrine gland stimuli and nervous system modification.
Answer: What triggers the release of hormones?
◉ humoral stimuli. Answer: changing blood levels of ions and
nutrients daily stimulate the secretion of hormones
◉ neural stimuli. Answer: nerve fibers stimulate hormone release
◉ hormonal stimuli. Answer: hormones stimulate otehr endocrine
organs to release thri hormones
◉ anterior pituitary hormones. Answer: What hormones do the
hypothalamic stimulates the rease of?
◉ false. Answer: True or false. The nervous system is unable to
modify hormone levels when necessary.
◉ 1. Blood levels of hormones
2. relative number of receptors on/in target cells
3. affinity between receptor and hormone. Answer: What are the
factors that target cell activation depends on?
◉ affinty. Answer: strength of the bond
