NSG 5140 Midterm 1 Exam Review Adv
Pathophysiology South College With Actual
Questions & Verified Answers, Plus Explained
Rationales/Expert Verified For Guaranteed
100% Pass 2026/Latest Update/Instant
Download Pdf
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in the
size of existing cells?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Rationale: Hypertrophy occurs when cells enlarge, increasing tissue or
organ size without increasing cell number.
2. Which process describes the replacement of one mature cell type
with another mature cell type?
A. Anaplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Neoplasia
D. Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible cellular adaptation where one
differentiated cell type is replaced by another better suited to
withstand stress.
3. Apoptosis is best defined as:
,A. Cellular swelling and rupture
B. Programmed cell death
C. Tissue necrosis
D. Inflammatory cell destruction
Rationale: Apoptosis is a controlled process of programmed cell death
that eliminates damaged or unnecessary cells.
4. Which electrolyte is the primary intracellular cation?
A. Sodium
B. Calcium
C. Chloride
D. Potassium
Rationale: Potassium is the major intracellular cation and is essential
for nerve conduction and muscle function.
5. The most common cause of edema is:
A. Decreased capillary permeability
B. Increased hydrostatic pressure
C. Increased plasma proteins
D. Decreased lymphatic flow only
Rationale: Increased hydrostatic pressure promotes movement of fluid
from capillaries into interstitial tissues, causing edema.
6. Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with
myocardial infarction?
A. Liquefactive
B. Fat
C. Coagulative
D. Caseous
, Rationale: Coagulative necrosis preserves tissue architecture
temporarily and is characteristic of ischemic injury in solid organs.
7. A patient with severe burns is at risk for:
A. Hypervolemia
B. Hypovolemia
C. Hypernatremia only
D. Polycythemia
Rationale: Extensive burns cause fluid loss from the vascular space,
leading to hypovolemia.
8. Which inflammatory mediator is primarily responsible for
vasodilation?
A. Fibrinogen
B. Complement
C. Histamine
D. Albumin
Rationale: Histamine released from mast cells causes vasodilation and
increased vascular permeability.
9. Fever results primarily from:
A. Reduced metabolic activity
B. Decreased prostaglandins
C. Resetting of the hypothalamic temperature set point
D. Excessive sweating
Rationale: Pyrogens stimulate prostaglandin production, causing the
hypothalamus to raise body temperature.
10. Which white blood cell is most commonly elevated during
bacterial infections?
Pathophysiology South College With Actual
Questions & Verified Answers, Plus Explained
Rationales/Expert Verified For Guaranteed
100% Pass 2026/Latest Update/Instant
Download Pdf
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in the
size of existing cells?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Rationale: Hypertrophy occurs when cells enlarge, increasing tissue or
organ size without increasing cell number.
2. Which process describes the replacement of one mature cell type
with another mature cell type?
A. Anaplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Neoplasia
D. Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible cellular adaptation where one
differentiated cell type is replaced by another better suited to
withstand stress.
3. Apoptosis is best defined as:
,A. Cellular swelling and rupture
B. Programmed cell death
C. Tissue necrosis
D. Inflammatory cell destruction
Rationale: Apoptosis is a controlled process of programmed cell death
that eliminates damaged or unnecessary cells.
4. Which electrolyte is the primary intracellular cation?
A. Sodium
B. Calcium
C. Chloride
D. Potassium
Rationale: Potassium is the major intracellular cation and is essential
for nerve conduction and muscle function.
5. The most common cause of edema is:
A. Decreased capillary permeability
B. Increased hydrostatic pressure
C. Increased plasma proteins
D. Decreased lymphatic flow only
Rationale: Increased hydrostatic pressure promotes movement of fluid
from capillaries into interstitial tissues, causing edema.
6. Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with
myocardial infarction?
A. Liquefactive
B. Fat
C. Coagulative
D. Caseous
, Rationale: Coagulative necrosis preserves tissue architecture
temporarily and is characteristic of ischemic injury in solid organs.
7. A patient with severe burns is at risk for:
A. Hypervolemia
B. Hypovolemia
C. Hypernatremia only
D. Polycythemia
Rationale: Extensive burns cause fluid loss from the vascular space,
leading to hypovolemia.
8. Which inflammatory mediator is primarily responsible for
vasodilation?
A. Fibrinogen
B. Complement
C. Histamine
D. Albumin
Rationale: Histamine released from mast cells causes vasodilation and
increased vascular permeability.
9. Fever results primarily from:
A. Reduced metabolic activity
B. Decreased prostaglandins
C. Resetting of the hypothalamic temperature set point
D. Excessive sweating
Rationale: Pyrogens stimulate prostaglandin production, causing the
hypothalamus to raise body temperature.
10. Which white blood cell is most commonly elevated during
bacterial infections?
