BASIC PHARMACOLOGY FOR NURSES
EIGHTEENTH EDITION EXAM SCRIPT FINAL
PAPER 2026 COMPLETE SOLVED
QUESTIONS CLINICAL
PHARMACOKINETICS INSIGHT
◉ Factors That Affect Drug Therapy: Age
Answer: - Infants and the very old tend to be the most sensitive to
the effects of drugs.
- There are important differences with regard to the absorption,
distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in premature
neonates, full-term newborns, and children.
- The aging process brings about changes in body composition and
organ function that can affect the older patient's response to drug
therapy.
◉ Age: <38 Week Gestation
Answer: Stage: Premature
◉ Age: 0-1 Month
Answer: Stage: Newborn, neonate
,◉ Age: 1-24 Months
Answer: Stage: Infant, toddler
◉ Age: 3-5 Years
Answer: Stage: Young child
◉ Age: 6-12 Years
Answer: Stage: Older child
◉ Age: 13-18 Years
Answer: Stage: Adolescent
◉ Age: 19-54 Years
Answer: Stage: Adult
◉ Age: 55-64 Years
Answer: Stage: Older adult
◉ Age: 65-74 Years
Answer: Stage: Elderly
, ◉ Age: 75-84 Years
Answer: Stage: The aged
◉ Age: 85 Years or Older
Answer: Stage: The very old
◉ Factors That Affect Drug Therapy: Body Weight
Answer: - Considerably overweight patients may require an increase
in drug dosage to attain the same therapeutic response.
- Patients who are underweight, compared with the general
population, tend to require lower dosages for the same therapeutic
response.
- Most pediatric dosages are calculated by milligrams of drug per
kilogram of body weight (mg/kg) to adjust for growth rate.
- For accurate measurements, the patient's weight should be taken
at the same time of day and while the patient is wearing similar-
weight clothing.
◉ Factors That Affect Drug Therapy: Gender
Answer: - In almost every body system, men and women function
differently, as well as perceive and experience disease differently.
- In 1993, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued
guidelines stating that drug development must evaluate the effects
on both genders.
EIGHTEENTH EDITION EXAM SCRIPT FINAL
PAPER 2026 COMPLETE SOLVED
QUESTIONS CLINICAL
PHARMACOKINETICS INSIGHT
◉ Factors That Affect Drug Therapy: Age
Answer: - Infants and the very old tend to be the most sensitive to
the effects of drugs.
- There are important differences with regard to the absorption,
distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in premature
neonates, full-term newborns, and children.
- The aging process brings about changes in body composition and
organ function that can affect the older patient's response to drug
therapy.
◉ Age: <38 Week Gestation
Answer: Stage: Premature
◉ Age: 0-1 Month
Answer: Stage: Newborn, neonate
,◉ Age: 1-24 Months
Answer: Stage: Infant, toddler
◉ Age: 3-5 Years
Answer: Stage: Young child
◉ Age: 6-12 Years
Answer: Stage: Older child
◉ Age: 13-18 Years
Answer: Stage: Adolescent
◉ Age: 19-54 Years
Answer: Stage: Adult
◉ Age: 55-64 Years
Answer: Stage: Older adult
◉ Age: 65-74 Years
Answer: Stage: Elderly
, ◉ Age: 75-84 Years
Answer: Stage: The aged
◉ Age: 85 Years or Older
Answer: Stage: The very old
◉ Factors That Affect Drug Therapy: Body Weight
Answer: - Considerably overweight patients may require an increase
in drug dosage to attain the same therapeutic response.
- Patients who are underweight, compared with the general
population, tend to require lower dosages for the same therapeutic
response.
- Most pediatric dosages are calculated by milligrams of drug per
kilogram of body weight (mg/kg) to adjust for growth rate.
- For accurate measurements, the patient's weight should be taken
at the same time of day and while the patient is wearing similar-
weight clothing.
◉ Factors That Affect Drug Therapy: Gender
Answer: - In almost every body system, men and women function
differently, as well as perceive and experience disease differently.
- In 1993, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued
guidelines stating that drug development must evaluate the effects
on both genders.
