SOLUTIONS MANUAL FOR NEEBS MENTAL HEALTH • National Federation of Licensed Practical Nurses • Nurse Practice Act
(NFLPN)
NURSING 6TH EDITION GORMAN BY LINDA M. • Psychotropic
• National League for Nursing (NLN)
GORMANM AND ROBYNN ANWAR FULL TESTBANK • Standards of care
ALL CHAPTERS INCLUDED|| LATEST AND
COMPLETEUPDATE GRADED A+
■ The Trailblazers were the nurses who took the risks? Who were
the ones who spoke out on behalf of the
For centuries, nurses have been many things to patient and the profession? In times when
many people. People have nurses to thank for nursing was considered only “women’s work,”
cooking, cleaning, and ministering to those who and when women were not politically active, the
fought battles. major trailblazers were female.
Long before people knew what aerobic or Florence Nightingale
anaerobic microorganisms were, nurses knew
Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) (Fig. 1-1).
when to open or close the windows. Nurses
helped women give birth to their young and has been called the founder of nursing. Her
nursed the babies when mothers were unable to story and her contributions are numerous enough
or when mothers died during or shortly after to fill many volumes. She was born of wealth
chapter 01: history of mental health nursing giving birth. The first flight attendants were and was highly educated. When she was very
nurses. For centuries, nurses have gone about young, she realized she wanted to be a nurse,
the business of caring for people, but they have which did not please her parents. Conditions in
not always done that quietly. Who hospitals were poor, and her
3
History of Mental Health Nursing
Learning Objectives Key Terms
1. Identify the major trailblazers to mental health nursing. • American Nurses
Association (ANA)
2. Know the basic tenets or theories of the contributors to
mental health nursing. • Asylum
3. Define three types of treatment facilities. • Deinstitutionalization
4. Identify three breakthroughs that advanced mental • Free-standing treatment
health nursing. centers
5. Identify the major laws and provisions of each that • National Association for
influenced mental health nursing. Practical Nurse Education
and Service (NAPNES)
, CHAPTER 1 | History of Mental Health Nursing 4 CHAPTER 1 | History of Mental Health Nursing 5
The tidal wave of deeper souls Into our She was a crusader for the improvement of care
Santa Filomena inmost being rolls, And lifts us unawares and conditions in the military and civil- ian
hospitals in Britain. Among her books are Notes
by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Whene’er a Out of all meaner cares.
on Hospitals (1859), which deals with the
noble deed is wrought, Whene’er is spoken a noble Honour to those whose words or deeds Thus relationship of sanitary techniques to medical
thought, Our hearts, in glad surprise, help us in our daily needs, facilities; Notes on Nursing (1859), which was the
most respected nursing text- book of the day; and
To higher levels rise. And by their overflow Raise us from what is Notes on Matters Affect- ing the Health, Efficiency
low! and Hospital Administration of the British Army
Thus thought I, as by night I read Of the great (1857) (Donahue, 1985, p. 248).
army of the dead, The trenches cold and
damp,
The starved and frozen camp,
Figure 1-1 Florence Nightingale at work The wounded from the battle-plain, In dreary
during the Crimean War. hospitals of pain,
The cheerless corridors, The cold and stony
floors. Lo! in that house of misery A lady with
parents wanted her to pursue a life as wife, a lamp I see
mother, and society woman.
Pass through the glimmering gloom, And flit
Florence worked hard to educate herself in from room to room.
the art and science of nursing. Her mission to
help the British soldiers in the Crimean War And slow, as in a dream of bliss, The
earned her respect around the world as a speechless sufferer turns to kiss Her shadow,
nurse and administrator. This was no easy as it falls
task because many of the soldiers at the Upon the darkening walls.
Barrack Hospital at Scutari resented her
intelligence and did what they could to As if a door in heaven should be Opened and
undermine her work. then closed suddenly, The vision came and
went,
The relationship between sanitary con-
ditions and healing became known and The light shone and was spent.
accepted due to her observations and dili-
On England’s annals, through the long
gence. Within 6 months of her arrival in
Hereafter of her speech and song,
Scutari, the mortality rate dropped from
42.7% to 2.2% (Donahue, 1985, p. 244). That light its rays shall cast From portals of
the past.
She insisted on proper lighting, diet, clean-
liness, and recreation. She understood that the A Lady with a Lamp shall stand In the great
mind and body work together and that history of the land, A noble type of good,
cleanliness, the predecessor to today’s sterile
techniques, is a major barrier to infec- tion Heroic womanhood.
and promotes healing. She carefully observed Nor even shall be wanting here The palm, the
and documented changes in the conditions of lily, and the spear, The symbols that of yore
the soldiers, which led to her adulation as
“The Lady with the Lamp” (from the poem Saint Filomena bore.
“Santa Filomena” by H. W. Longfellow).
, CHAPTER 1 | History of Mental Health Nursing 6 CHAPTER 1 | History of Mental Health Nursing 7
or “psychiatric hospitals” to care for the men-
The first formal nurses’ training pro- gram, the tally ill. There is a monument to her that sym-
bolized her efforts on the Women’s Heritage
Figure 1-2 Dorothea Dix. Trail in Boston.
opened in 1860.
Linda Richards
While Dorothea Dix was working for politi- cal
help in mental health, a nurse named Linda
Richards (1841–1930) (Fig. 1-3) was pushing to
upgrade nursing education. She was the first
American-trained nurse, and in 1882 she opened
the Boston City Hospital
Training School for Nurses to teach the
By 1890, more than 30 asylums in the United specialty of caring for the mentally ill.
States had developed schools for nurses. Linda
Richards was among the first nurses to teach and
work seriously with planning and developing
nursing care for patients. In cooperation with the
American Nurses Association (ANA) and the
National League for Nursing (NLN), she was
instrumental in developing textbooks
Nightingale School for Nurses, specifically for nurses that had stated objectives
for outcomes of nursing education and patient
The goals of the school were to train nurses to
care.
work in hospitals, to work with the poor, and to
teach. This meant that students cared for people
in their homes, an idea that is still gaining in
popularity and professional opportunity for
nurses. Florence Nightingale died at the age of Linda Richards
90.
America's First Trained Nurse Born in Potsdam,
Dorothea Dix 1841
Dorothea Dix (1802–1887) (Fig. 1-2) was a Figure 1-3 Linda Richards.
schoolteacher, not a nurse. She believed that
people did not need to live in suffering and that
society at large had a responsibility to aid those
less fortunate. Her primary focus was the care
of prisoners and the mentally ill. She lobbied in
the United States and Canada for the
improvement of standards of care for the
mentally ill and even suggested that the gov-
ernments take an active role in providing help
with finances, food, shelter, and other areas of
need. She learned that many criminals were also
mentally ill, a theory that is borne out in studies
today. Because of the efforts of
Dorothea Dix, 32 states developed asylums
, CHAPTER 1 | History of Mental Health Nursing 8 CHAPTER 1 | History of Mental Health Nursing 9
need to use every opportunity to educate the public
ffarriet Bailey American professional nurse. Her contribu- tions and follow role models in physical and mental
were primarily in home care and in the promotion health. Peplau saw the
of the acceptance of African nurse as:
1. Resource person. Provides information.
2. Counselor. Helps patients to explore their
Figure 1-4 Effie Jane Taylor. (From Yale Univer- thoughts and feelings.
sity, Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical
Library.)
The first textbook focusing on psychiatric Figure 1-5 Mary Mahoney.
nursing was written in 1920 by Harriet
Bailey. It included guidelines for nurses who
provided care for those with a mental illness.
Bailey un- derstood that nurses caring for Americans in the field of nursing. An award
these patients needed proper training. After in her name is presented at the annual ANA
she published her book, the NLN began convention to a person who has worked to
requiring all stu- dent nurses have a clinical promote equal opportunity for minorities in
rotation in a psy- chiatric setting (Videback, nursing. During her career, it was necessary
2013). to open separate schools of nursing for
African American students because they were
Effie Jane Taylor banned from the schools for white students.
Effie Jane Taylor (Fig. 1-4) initiated the first Two of these separate schools were Spelman
psy- Seminary (currently known as Spelman
College) in Georgia and Tuskegee Institute in
chiatric program of study for nurses, in 1913. Alabama.
She is also well known for her development ffildegard Peplau
and implementation of patient-centered care,
Dr. Hildegard Peplau (1909–1999) (Fig. 1-6)
put- ting emphasis on the emotional and
was a nurse ahead of her time. She believed
intellec- tual life of the patient. Effie Taylor
that nursing is multifaceted and that the nurse
received a diploma in nursing from Johns
must educate and promote wellness as well as
Hopkins School of Nursing, later to become a
deliver care to the ill. In her book,
nursing professor in psychiatry (American
Interpersonal Relations in Nursing (1952),
Association for the History of Nursing, Inc.,
2007). Dr. Peplau brought together some interper-
Mary Mahoney sonal theories from psychiatry and melded
Mary Mahoney (1845–1926) (Fig. 1-5) is them with theories of nursing and communi-
considered to be America’s first African- She believed that nurses work in society—not cation.
merely in a hospital or clinic— and that they
(NFLPN)
NURSING 6TH EDITION GORMAN BY LINDA M. • Psychotropic
• National League for Nursing (NLN)
GORMANM AND ROBYNN ANWAR FULL TESTBANK • Standards of care
ALL CHAPTERS INCLUDED|| LATEST AND
COMPLETEUPDATE GRADED A+
■ The Trailblazers were the nurses who took the risks? Who were
the ones who spoke out on behalf of the
For centuries, nurses have been many things to patient and the profession? In times when
many people. People have nurses to thank for nursing was considered only “women’s work,”
cooking, cleaning, and ministering to those who and when women were not politically active, the
fought battles. major trailblazers were female.
Long before people knew what aerobic or Florence Nightingale
anaerobic microorganisms were, nurses knew
Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) (Fig. 1-1).
when to open or close the windows. Nurses
helped women give birth to their young and has been called the founder of nursing. Her
nursed the babies when mothers were unable to story and her contributions are numerous enough
or when mothers died during or shortly after to fill many volumes. She was born of wealth
chapter 01: history of mental health nursing giving birth. The first flight attendants were and was highly educated. When she was very
nurses. For centuries, nurses have gone about young, she realized she wanted to be a nurse,
the business of caring for people, but they have which did not please her parents. Conditions in
not always done that quietly. Who hospitals were poor, and her
3
History of Mental Health Nursing
Learning Objectives Key Terms
1. Identify the major trailblazers to mental health nursing. • American Nurses
Association (ANA)
2. Know the basic tenets or theories of the contributors to
mental health nursing. • Asylum
3. Define three types of treatment facilities. • Deinstitutionalization
4. Identify three breakthroughs that advanced mental • Free-standing treatment
health nursing. centers
5. Identify the major laws and provisions of each that • National Association for
influenced mental health nursing. Practical Nurse Education
and Service (NAPNES)
, CHAPTER 1 | History of Mental Health Nursing 4 CHAPTER 1 | History of Mental Health Nursing 5
The tidal wave of deeper souls Into our She was a crusader for the improvement of care
Santa Filomena inmost being rolls, And lifts us unawares and conditions in the military and civil- ian
hospitals in Britain. Among her books are Notes
by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Whene’er a Out of all meaner cares.
on Hospitals (1859), which deals with the
noble deed is wrought, Whene’er is spoken a noble Honour to those whose words or deeds Thus relationship of sanitary techniques to medical
thought, Our hearts, in glad surprise, help us in our daily needs, facilities; Notes on Nursing (1859), which was the
most respected nursing text- book of the day; and
To higher levels rise. And by their overflow Raise us from what is Notes on Matters Affect- ing the Health, Efficiency
low! and Hospital Administration of the British Army
Thus thought I, as by night I read Of the great (1857) (Donahue, 1985, p. 248).
army of the dead, The trenches cold and
damp,
The starved and frozen camp,
Figure 1-1 Florence Nightingale at work The wounded from the battle-plain, In dreary
during the Crimean War. hospitals of pain,
The cheerless corridors, The cold and stony
floors. Lo! in that house of misery A lady with
parents wanted her to pursue a life as wife, a lamp I see
mother, and society woman.
Pass through the glimmering gloom, And flit
Florence worked hard to educate herself in from room to room.
the art and science of nursing. Her mission to
help the British soldiers in the Crimean War And slow, as in a dream of bliss, The
earned her respect around the world as a speechless sufferer turns to kiss Her shadow,
nurse and administrator. This was no easy as it falls
task because many of the soldiers at the Upon the darkening walls.
Barrack Hospital at Scutari resented her
intelligence and did what they could to As if a door in heaven should be Opened and
undermine her work. then closed suddenly, The vision came and
went,
The relationship between sanitary con-
ditions and healing became known and The light shone and was spent.
accepted due to her observations and dili-
On England’s annals, through the long
gence. Within 6 months of her arrival in
Hereafter of her speech and song,
Scutari, the mortality rate dropped from
42.7% to 2.2% (Donahue, 1985, p. 244). That light its rays shall cast From portals of
the past.
She insisted on proper lighting, diet, clean-
liness, and recreation. She understood that the A Lady with a Lamp shall stand In the great
mind and body work together and that history of the land, A noble type of good,
cleanliness, the predecessor to today’s sterile
techniques, is a major barrier to infec- tion Heroic womanhood.
and promotes healing. She carefully observed Nor even shall be wanting here The palm, the
and documented changes in the conditions of lily, and the spear, The symbols that of yore
the soldiers, which led to her adulation as
“The Lady with the Lamp” (from the poem Saint Filomena bore.
“Santa Filomena” by H. W. Longfellow).
, CHAPTER 1 | History of Mental Health Nursing 6 CHAPTER 1 | History of Mental Health Nursing 7
or “psychiatric hospitals” to care for the men-
The first formal nurses’ training pro- gram, the tally ill. There is a monument to her that sym-
bolized her efforts on the Women’s Heritage
Figure 1-2 Dorothea Dix. Trail in Boston.
opened in 1860.
Linda Richards
While Dorothea Dix was working for politi- cal
help in mental health, a nurse named Linda
Richards (1841–1930) (Fig. 1-3) was pushing to
upgrade nursing education. She was the first
American-trained nurse, and in 1882 she opened
the Boston City Hospital
Training School for Nurses to teach the
By 1890, more than 30 asylums in the United specialty of caring for the mentally ill.
States had developed schools for nurses. Linda
Richards was among the first nurses to teach and
work seriously with planning and developing
nursing care for patients. In cooperation with the
American Nurses Association (ANA) and the
National League for Nursing (NLN), she was
instrumental in developing textbooks
Nightingale School for Nurses, specifically for nurses that had stated objectives
for outcomes of nursing education and patient
The goals of the school were to train nurses to
care.
work in hospitals, to work with the poor, and to
teach. This meant that students cared for people
in their homes, an idea that is still gaining in
popularity and professional opportunity for
nurses. Florence Nightingale died at the age of Linda Richards
90.
America's First Trained Nurse Born in Potsdam,
Dorothea Dix 1841
Dorothea Dix (1802–1887) (Fig. 1-2) was a Figure 1-3 Linda Richards.
schoolteacher, not a nurse. She believed that
people did not need to live in suffering and that
society at large had a responsibility to aid those
less fortunate. Her primary focus was the care
of prisoners and the mentally ill. She lobbied in
the United States and Canada for the
improvement of standards of care for the
mentally ill and even suggested that the gov-
ernments take an active role in providing help
with finances, food, shelter, and other areas of
need. She learned that many criminals were also
mentally ill, a theory that is borne out in studies
today. Because of the efforts of
Dorothea Dix, 32 states developed asylums
, CHAPTER 1 | History of Mental Health Nursing 8 CHAPTER 1 | History of Mental Health Nursing 9
need to use every opportunity to educate the public
ffarriet Bailey American professional nurse. Her contribu- tions and follow role models in physical and mental
were primarily in home care and in the promotion health. Peplau saw the
of the acceptance of African nurse as:
1. Resource person. Provides information.
2. Counselor. Helps patients to explore their
Figure 1-4 Effie Jane Taylor. (From Yale Univer- thoughts and feelings.
sity, Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical
Library.)
The first textbook focusing on psychiatric Figure 1-5 Mary Mahoney.
nursing was written in 1920 by Harriet
Bailey. It included guidelines for nurses who
provided care for those with a mental illness.
Bailey un- derstood that nurses caring for Americans in the field of nursing. An award
these patients needed proper training. After in her name is presented at the annual ANA
she published her book, the NLN began convention to a person who has worked to
requiring all stu- dent nurses have a clinical promote equal opportunity for minorities in
rotation in a psy- chiatric setting (Videback, nursing. During her career, it was necessary
2013). to open separate schools of nursing for
African American students because they were
Effie Jane Taylor banned from the schools for white students.
Effie Jane Taylor (Fig. 1-4) initiated the first Two of these separate schools were Spelman
psy- Seminary (currently known as Spelman
College) in Georgia and Tuskegee Institute in
chiatric program of study for nurses, in 1913. Alabama.
She is also well known for her development ffildegard Peplau
and implementation of patient-centered care,
Dr. Hildegard Peplau (1909–1999) (Fig. 1-6)
put- ting emphasis on the emotional and
was a nurse ahead of her time. She believed
intellec- tual life of the patient. Effie Taylor
that nursing is multifaceted and that the nurse
received a diploma in nursing from Johns
must educate and promote wellness as well as
Hopkins School of Nursing, later to become a
deliver care to the ill. In her book,
nursing professor in psychiatry (American
Interpersonal Relations in Nursing (1952),
Association for the History of Nursing, Inc.,
2007). Dr. Peplau brought together some interper-
Mary Mahoney sonal theories from psychiatry and melded
Mary Mahoney (1845–1926) (Fig. 1-5) is them with theories of nursing and communi-
considered to be America’s first African- She believed that nurses work in society—not cation.
merely in a hospital or clinic— and that they
