Nucleus - ANSWER contains genetic information and regulates cell growth, metabolism,
and reproduction.
Mitochondria - ANSWER breaks down glucose producing energy (ATP)
Ribosome - ANSWER synthesizes proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER production of phospholipids
Lysosome - ANSWER Digest materials engulfed by cells
Cytoskeleton - ANSWER Helps transport molecules inside cell and binds to enzymes of
metabolic pathways
Golgi - ANSWER sorts, chemically modifies and packages proteins
Diffusion - ANSWER Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an
area of lower concentration.
Passive Process - ANSWER substances cross the membrane without any energy input
from the cell
facilitated diffusion - ANSWER requires a carrier protein (Molecule)
1
,Osmosis - ANSWER Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from
an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration
Osmolarity - ANSWER describes fluid outside the body
Osmolality - ANSWER describes fluids inside the body
Active Transport - ANSWER Ex. NA+ K+ pump, requires ATP (energy)
Endocytosis - ANSWER process of bringing a substance into cell that is too large. The cell
membrane engulfs.
Phagocytosis - ANSWER eats solid particles
Pinocytosis - ANSWER drinks liquid particles
Exocytosis - ANSWER release of material from the cell into cell membrane with the assis-
tance of a vessicle. Ex. Glands secrete hormones through exocytosis
Chromosomes - ANSWER located in the nucleus of the cell. There are 46 chromosomes in
all normal human cells, with the exception of mature sex cells, which have 23.
DNA - ANSWER contains the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
Chromatin - ANSWER Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell that is
wrapped around histone proteins
base pairing - ANSWER Adenine+ Thymine, Cytosine+ Guanine
2
,Genes - ANSWER DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary
transmission.
Genotype - ANSWER genetic makeup of an organism
Karotype - ANSWER Gene blueprint
Genome - ANSWER the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all
the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes
Phenotype - ANSWER An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
proliferation - ANSWER The regulated process by which cells divide and reproduce.
Mitosis - ANSWER cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the
same number of chromosomes. (Creates Diploid)
Meosis - ANSWER The process that occurs in the formation of sex cells (sperm and egg)
by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half. (creates haploid)
Differentiation - ANSWER process in which cells become specialized in structure and
function (cell maturation)
epithelial tissue - ANSWER Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and
cavities.
connective tissue - ANSWER A body tissue that provides support for the body and con-
nects all of its parts. Fibroblast cells create fiber: collagen, elastic, and reticular
3
, muscle tissue - ANSWER A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts
move. Myocytes, action potential leades to depolarization and release of calcium
neural tissue - ANSWER conducts electrical impulses, carries information.
atrophy - ANSWER cellular work decreases and cells decrease in size and number
hypertrophy - ANSWER increase in cell size. Can be normal or abnormal. Abnormal
changes to the heart can lead to heart failure and disease.
Hyperplasia - ANSWER increase in number of cells, leading to an increase in the organ
size. Normal= menstration, liver regeneration, wound healing. Abnormal= abnormal hormo-
nal stimulation, endometerial hyperplasia
Metaplasia - ANSWER Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type. Usually
caused by chronic inflamation or irritation
Dysplasia - ANSWER cells mutate into cells of different size or shape. Abnormal sign of
precancerous cells. Respiratory and reproductive tract are common sites of adaption.
Cellular injury result of: - ANSWER Physical agents, chemical, radiation, biologic agents
viruses, bacteria, parasites, nutrition imbalance, hypoxia, genetics.
free radicals - ANSWER unstable atoms that can damage cells, causing illness and aging
Necrosis - ANSWER tissue death
4
and reproduction.
Mitochondria - ANSWER breaks down glucose producing energy (ATP)
Ribosome - ANSWER synthesizes proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER production of phospholipids
Lysosome - ANSWER Digest materials engulfed by cells
Cytoskeleton - ANSWER Helps transport molecules inside cell and binds to enzymes of
metabolic pathways
Golgi - ANSWER sorts, chemically modifies and packages proteins
Diffusion - ANSWER Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an
area of lower concentration.
Passive Process - ANSWER substances cross the membrane without any energy input
from the cell
facilitated diffusion - ANSWER requires a carrier protein (Molecule)
1
,Osmosis - ANSWER Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from
an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration
Osmolarity - ANSWER describes fluid outside the body
Osmolality - ANSWER describes fluids inside the body
Active Transport - ANSWER Ex. NA+ K+ pump, requires ATP (energy)
Endocytosis - ANSWER process of bringing a substance into cell that is too large. The cell
membrane engulfs.
Phagocytosis - ANSWER eats solid particles
Pinocytosis - ANSWER drinks liquid particles
Exocytosis - ANSWER release of material from the cell into cell membrane with the assis-
tance of a vessicle. Ex. Glands secrete hormones through exocytosis
Chromosomes - ANSWER located in the nucleus of the cell. There are 46 chromosomes in
all normal human cells, with the exception of mature sex cells, which have 23.
DNA - ANSWER contains the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
Chromatin - ANSWER Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell that is
wrapped around histone proteins
base pairing - ANSWER Adenine+ Thymine, Cytosine+ Guanine
2
,Genes - ANSWER DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary
transmission.
Genotype - ANSWER genetic makeup of an organism
Karotype - ANSWER Gene blueprint
Genome - ANSWER the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all
the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes
Phenotype - ANSWER An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
proliferation - ANSWER The regulated process by which cells divide and reproduce.
Mitosis - ANSWER cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the
same number of chromosomes. (Creates Diploid)
Meosis - ANSWER The process that occurs in the formation of sex cells (sperm and egg)
by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half. (creates haploid)
Differentiation - ANSWER process in which cells become specialized in structure and
function (cell maturation)
epithelial tissue - ANSWER Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and
cavities.
connective tissue - ANSWER A body tissue that provides support for the body and con-
nects all of its parts. Fibroblast cells create fiber: collagen, elastic, and reticular
3
, muscle tissue - ANSWER A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts
move. Myocytes, action potential leades to depolarization and release of calcium
neural tissue - ANSWER conducts electrical impulses, carries information.
atrophy - ANSWER cellular work decreases and cells decrease in size and number
hypertrophy - ANSWER increase in cell size. Can be normal or abnormal. Abnormal
changes to the heart can lead to heart failure and disease.
Hyperplasia - ANSWER increase in number of cells, leading to an increase in the organ
size. Normal= menstration, liver regeneration, wound healing. Abnormal= abnormal hormo-
nal stimulation, endometerial hyperplasia
Metaplasia - ANSWER Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type. Usually
caused by chronic inflamation or irritation
Dysplasia - ANSWER cells mutate into cells of different size or shape. Abnormal sign of
precancerous cells. Respiratory and reproductive tract are common sites of adaption.
Cellular injury result of: - ANSWER Physical agents, chemical, radiation, biologic agents
viruses, bacteria, parasites, nutrition imbalance, hypoxia, genetics.
free radicals - ANSWER unstable atoms that can damage cells, causing illness and aging
Necrosis - ANSWER tissue death
4
