MODULE 8: STUDENT NOTE TAKING GUIDE- REVISED
LATEST STUDY GUIDE 2026 CHAPTERS 25,26 AND 27
CHAPTER 25:
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Pathophysiology and Clinical
Manifestations
Describe the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management of coronary
artery disease.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) occurs due to atherosclerosis, where plaque builds up
inside the coronary arteries, reducing blood flow to the myocardium. This process
progresses silently until the narrowing significantly impairs oxygen delivery, leading to
ischemic symptoms.
A 65-year-old male presents with chest pain during exertion that resolves with
rest. He has a history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia. What might be happening
physiologically?
Clinical Example: This patient is likely experiencing stable angina, which occurs
when myocardial oxygen demand exceeds supply due to narrowed arteries.
Socratic Question: "Why does resting relieve chest pain in instable angina but not
in unstable angina?"
✅ Key Concept: Stable angina is caused by , while unstable angina is
caused by , making it unpredictable.
, Heart Failure: Etiology and Clinical Manifestations
Explain the etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations of heart failure.
Heart failure (HF) occurs when the heart , leading to
inadequate and fluid overload. It is classified into -sided and
-sided heart failure, each with distinct symptoms.
A 72-year-old woman with a history of presents with dyspnea, crackles
in her lungs, and difficulty breathing when lying flat. What type of heart failure does
she likely have?
Clinical Example: These symptoms indicate -sided heart
failure, which leads to congestion.
Socratic Question: "Why does left-sided heart failure cause pulmonary congestion
while right-sided heart failure leads to peripheral edema?"
✅ Key Concept: Left-sided HF backs up into the , while right-sided HF
causes congestion.
Nursing Interventions and Treatment Strategies for Heart Failure
Identify the nursing interventions and treatment strategies for patients with heart failure.
Heart failure management focuses on reducing , improving ,
and optimizing .Nurses play a critical role in monitoring symptoms,
implementing lifestyle modifications, and ensuring adherence.
A patient hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure has severe
and an SpO₂ of . What is the nurse’s first priority?
LATEST STUDY GUIDE 2026 CHAPTERS 25,26 AND 27
CHAPTER 25:
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Pathophysiology and Clinical
Manifestations
Describe the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management of coronary
artery disease.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) occurs due to atherosclerosis, where plaque builds up
inside the coronary arteries, reducing blood flow to the myocardium. This process
progresses silently until the narrowing significantly impairs oxygen delivery, leading to
ischemic symptoms.
A 65-year-old male presents with chest pain during exertion that resolves with
rest. He has a history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia. What might be happening
physiologically?
Clinical Example: This patient is likely experiencing stable angina, which occurs
when myocardial oxygen demand exceeds supply due to narrowed arteries.
Socratic Question: "Why does resting relieve chest pain in instable angina but not
in unstable angina?"
✅ Key Concept: Stable angina is caused by , while unstable angina is
caused by , making it unpredictable.
, Heart Failure: Etiology and Clinical Manifestations
Explain the etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations of heart failure.
Heart failure (HF) occurs when the heart , leading to
inadequate and fluid overload. It is classified into -sided and
-sided heart failure, each with distinct symptoms.
A 72-year-old woman with a history of presents with dyspnea, crackles
in her lungs, and difficulty breathing when lying flat. What type of heart failure does
she likely have?
Clinical Example: These symptoms indicate -sided heart
failure, which leads to congestion.
Socratic Question: "Why does left-sided heart failure cause pulmonary congestion
while right-sided heart failure leads to peripheral edema?"
✅ Key Concept: Left-sided HF backs up into the , while right-sided HF
causes congestion.
Nursing Interventions and Treatment Strategies for Heart Failure
Identify the nursing interventions and treatment strategies for patients with heart failure.
Heart failure management focuses on reducing , improving ,
and optimizing .Nurses play a critical role in monitoring symptoms,
implementing lifestyle modifications, and ensuring adherence.
A patient hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure has severe
and an SpO₂ of . What is the nurse’s first priority?
