NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam 2 Study Guide | Complete
Hematology, Cardiovascular & Respiratory Review | A+
Exam Notes
arteries transport blood away from heart
veins transport blood to the heart
capillaries microcirculation within tissue
systemic circulation exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes in tissues
pulmonary circulation gas exchange in the lungs
function of plasma proteins osmotic pressure, antibody, and blood clots
erythrocytes contain hemoglobin, life span of about 20 days
erythropoietin produced in the kidney, stimulates erythrocyte production
3 steps of blood clotting (hemostasis) 1. vasoconstriction of vascular spasm after injury 2. platelet clot 3.
coagulation mechanism
Rh+ antigen D in plasma membrane
Rh- absence of antigen D
anemia causes a reduction in oxygen transport, basic problem is hemoglobin
deficit
oxygen deficit leads to less energy production in all cells, tachycardia and peripheral
vasoconstriction-compensation mechanisms
, general signs of anemia fatigue, pallor, dyspnea, tachycardia, decreased regeneration of
epithelial cells, severe anemia may lead to angina of CHF
iron deficiency anemia insufficient iron impairs hemoglobin synthesis
etiology of iron deficiency anemia dietary intake of iron below minimum, chronic blood loss, impaired
duodenal absorption of iron, severe liver disease
signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia general signs of anemia + spoon shaped and ridged nails, brittle hair,
stomatitis, glossitis, menstrual irregularities, delayed healing
pernicious anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency) lack of intrinsic factor, intrinsic factor secreted by gastric mucosa,
required for intestinal absorption of vitamin B12, B12 needed for
function of neurons
etiology of pernicious anemia dietary insufficiency, malabsorption, surgery, such as gastrectomy
signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia general signs, tongue enlarged, red, sore, and shiny, digestive
discomfort, feeling of
pins and needles, tingling of limbs
aplastic anemia impairment or failure of bone marrow leading to loss of stem cells and
pancytopenia
pancytopenia decreased numbers of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets in the
blood
etiology of aplastic anemia myelotoxins: radiation, industrial chemicals, drugs, genetic
abnormalities, hep C, SLE
signs and symptoms of aplastic anemia general signs, leukopenia (recurrent infection), thrombocytopenia
(petechiae)
sickle cell anemia caused by genetic condition, autosomal recessive disorder, more
common in Africans
etiology of sickle cell anemia abnormal hemoglobin, sickle cell crisis occurs whenever oxygen levels
are lowered, sickle shaped cells have shorter lifespan, sickle cell
hemoglobin leads to multiple infarctions
signs and symptoms of sickle cell anemia general signs, severe pain because of ischemia of tissues and
infarction, jaundice, hyperbillirubinemia, acute symptom of vaso-
occlusive/painful crisis
primary polycythemia (polycythemia vera) increased production of erythrocytes and other cells in the bone marrow,
neoplastic
disorder, serum erythropoietin levels are low
Hematology, Cardiovascular & Respiratory Review | A+
Exam Notes
arteries transport blood away from heart
veins transport blood to the heart
capillaries microcirculation within tissue
systemic circulation exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes in tissues
pulmonary circulation gas exchange in the lungs
function of plasma proteins osmotic pressure, antibody, and blood clots
erythrocytes contain hemoglobin, life span of about 20 days
erythropoietin produced in the kidney, stimulates erythrocyte production
3 steps of blood clotting (hemostasis) 1. vasoconstriction of vascular spasm after injury 2. platelet clot 3.
coagulation mechanism
Rh+ antigen D in plasma membrane
Rh- absence of antigen D
anemia causes a reduction in oxygen transport, basic problem is hemoglobin
deficit
oxygen deficit leads to less energy production in all cells, tachycardia and peripheral
vasoconstriction-compensation mechanisms
, general signs of anemia fatigue, pallor, dyspnea, tachycardia, decreased regeneration of
epithelial cells, severe anemia may lead to angina of CHF
iron deficiency anemia insufficient iron impairs hemoglobin synthesis
etiology of iron deficiency anemia dietary intake of iron below minimum, chronic blood loss, impaired
duodenal absorption of iron, severe liver disease
signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia general signs of anemia + spoon shaped and ridged nails, brittle hair,
stomatitis, glossitis, menstrual irregularities, delayed healing
pernicious anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency) lack of intrinsic factor, intrinsic factor secreted by gastric mucosa,
required for intestinal absorption of vitamin B12, B12 needed for
function of neurons
etiology of pernicious anemia dietary insufficiency, malabsorption, surgery, such as gastrectomy
signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia general signs, tongue enlarged, red, sore, and shiny, digestive
discomfort, feeling of
pins and needles, tingling of limbs
aplastic anemia impairment or failure of bone marrow leading to loss of stem cells and
pancytopenia
pancytopenia decreased numbers of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets in the
blood
etiology of aplastic anemia myelotoxins: radiation, industrial chemicals, drugs, genetic
abnormalities, hep C, SLE
signs and symptoms of aplastic anemia general signs, leukopenia (recurrent infection), thrombocytopenia
(petechiae)
sickle cell anemia caused by genetic condition, autosomal recessive disorder, more
common in Africans
etiology of sickle cell anemia abnormal hemoglobin, sickle cell crisis occurs whenever oxygen levels
are lowered, sickle shaped cells have shorter lifespan, sickle cell
hemoglobin leads to multiple infarctions
signs and symptoms of sickle cell anemia general signs, severe pain because of ischemia of tissues and
infarction, jaundice, hyperbillirubinemia, acute symptom of vaso-
occlusive/painful crisis
primary polycythemia (polycythemia vera) increased production of erythrocytes and other cells in the bone marrow,
neoplastic
disorder, serum erythropoietin levels are low
