NR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MIDTERM ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS (WEEKS 1–4) | COMPLETE
2026
Question 1
pts
What is the most abundant class of plasma protein?
• Globulin
• Albumin
• Clotting factors Complement proteins.
Albumin (approximately 60% of total plasma protein at a concentration of about
4 g/dl) is the most abundant plasma protein.
Incorrect Question 2
pts
Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes?
• Cells have broken through the local basement membrane.
• Cells have invaded immediate surrounding tissue.
• Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells.
• Cellular and tissue alterations indicate dysplasia.
Carcinoma in situ (CIS) refers to preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of
glandular or squamous cell origin. These early-stage cancers are localized to the
epithelium and have not broken through the local basement membrane or invaded
the surrounding tissue. Dysplasia refers to changes in mature cell structure.
, NR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MIDTERM ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS (WEEKS 1–4) | COMPLETE
2026
Question 3
pts
Which laboratory test is considered adequate for an accurate and reliable
diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis in a symptomatic man?
• Ligase chain reaction (LCR)
• Gram-stain technique
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
• DNA testing
Microscopic evaluation of Gram-stained slides of clinical specimens is deemed
positive for Neisseria gonorrhoeae if gram-negative diplococci with the typical
“kidney bean” morphologic appearance are found inside polymorphonuclear
leukocytes. Such a finding is considered adequate for the diagnosis of gonococcal
urethritis in a symptomatic man. The other options are not relevant to the
diagnosis of this condition.
Question 4
pts
The Papanicolaou (Pap) test is used to screen for which cancer?
• Ovarian
• Uterine
• Cervical
• Vaginal
The Pap test, an examination of cervical epithelial scrapings, readily detects
early oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV)infection. The Pap test is not used
for screening the other cancer sites listed.
, NR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MIDTERM ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS (WEEKS 1–4) | COMPLETE
2026
Incorrect
Question 5
pts
Causes of hyperkalemia include:
• Hyperparathyroidism and malnutrition
• Vomiting and diarrhea
• Renal failure and Addison disease
• Hyperaldosteronism and Cushing disease
Hyperkalemia should be investigated when a history of renal disease, massive
trauma, insulin deficiency, Addison disease, use of potassium salt substitutes, or
metabolic acidosis exists. The other options are not known to be causes of
hyperkalemia.
Question 6
pts
What is the major concern regarding the treatment of gonococci infections?
• Development of antibiotic resistance
• Changes in virulence
• Changes in pathogenicity
• Mutations into different strains
Several types of drug-resistant strains have been identified; they are
penicillinaseproducing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG), which is resistant to
penicillin; tetracyclineresistant N. gonorrhoeae (TRNG), which is resistant to
tetracycline; chromosomal control of mechanisms of resistance of N.
gonorrhoeae (CMRNG), which is resistant to penicillin and tetracycline; and
increasingly a fluoroquinolone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae (QRNG). The other
options are not major concerns. NR507
MIDTERM ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS (WEEKS 1–4) | COMPLETE
2026
Question 1
pts
What is the most abundant class of plasma protein?
• Globulin
• Albumin
• Clotting factors Complement proteins.
Albumin (approximately 60% of total plasma protein at a concentration of about
4 g/dl) is the most abundant plasma protein.
Incorrect Question 2
pts
Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes?
• Cells have broken through the local basement membrane.
• Cells have invaded immediate surrounding tissue.
• Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells.
• Cellular and tissue alterations indicate dysplasia.
Carcinoma in situ (CIS) refers to preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of
glandular or squamous cell origin. These early-stage cancers are localized to the
epithelium and have not broken through the local basement membrane or invaded
the surrounding tissue. Dysplasia refers to changes in mature cell structure.
, NR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MIDTERM ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS (WEEKS 1–4) | COMPLETE
2026
Question 3
pts
Which laboratory test is considered adequate for an accurate and reliable
diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis in a symptomatic man?
• Ligase chain reaction (LCR)
• Gram-stain technique
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
• DNA testing
Microscopic evaluation of Gram-stained slides of clinical specimens is deemed
positive for Neisseria gonorrhoeae if gram-negative diplococci with the typical
“kidney bean” morphologic appearance are found inside polymorphonuclear
leukocytes. Such a finding is considered adequate for the diagnosis of gonococcal
urethritis in a symptomatic man. The other options are not relevant to the
diagnosis of this condition.
Question 4
pts
The Papanicolaou (Pap) test is used to screen for which cancer?
• Ovarian
• Uterine
• Cervical
• Vaginal
The Pap test, an examination of cervical epithelial scrapings, readily detects
early oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV)infection. The Pap test is not used
for screening the other cancer sites listed.
, NR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MIDTERM ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS (WEEKS 1–4) | COMPLETE
2026
Incorrect
Question 5
pts
Causes of hyperkalemia include:
• Hyperparathyroidism and malnutrition
• Vomiting and diarrhea
• Renal failure and Addison disease
• Hyperaldosteronism and Cushing disease
Hyperkalemia should be investigated when a history of renal disease, massive
trauma, insulin deficiency, Addison disease, use of potassium salt substitutes, or
metabolic acidosis exists. The other options are not known to be causes of
hyperkalemia.
Question 6
pts
What is the major concern regarding the treatment of gonococci infections?
• Development of antibiotic resistance
• Changes in virulence
• Changes in pathogenicity
• Mutations into different strains
Several types of drug-resistant strains have been identified; they are
penicillinaseproducing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG), which is resistant to
penicillin; tetracyclineresistant N. gonorrhoeae (TRNG), which is resistant to
tetracycline; chromosomal control of mechanisms of resistance of N.
gonorrhoeae (CMRNG), which is resistant to penicillin and tetracycline; and
increasingly a fluoroquinolone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae (QRNG). The other
options are not major concerns. NR507
