MIDWIFERY UPDATED ALL 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔What kind of protein is present in formula milk? - ✔✔Cows' milk protein, associated
with an increased risk of babies developing juvenile onset diabetes
✔✔What kind of fats are seen in breast milk? - ✔✔Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty
Acids
✔✔What kind of fats are seen in formula milk? - ✔✔Mainly vegetable, such as coconut
or rapeseed
✔✔What kind of growth factors are present in breast milk? - ✔✔Epidermal growth factor
✔✔What are transfer factors? - ✔✔Enable effective absorption of certain nutrients in the
milk
✔✔What is lactoferrin? - ✔✔Transfer factor found in breast milk that assists in iron
absorption and is bactericidal.
✔✔What immunoglobin is found in breast milk? - ✔✔IgA, which provides a protective
coating on the baby's gut
✔✔What are leukocytes? - ✔✔White blood cells that destroy harmful bacteria
✔✔What kind of leukocytes are found in breast milk? - ✔✔Macrophages, which produce
lysozyme that disrupt bacterial cell walls, destroying them
✔✔What are oligosaccharides? - ✔✔Simple, short-chain carbohydrates
✔✔What is the role of oligosaccharides in breast milk? - ✔✔Help develop microflora by
increasing beneficial bacteria in the baby's gut
✔✔What is the role of milk lipids in breast milk? - ✔✔Damage the outer surface of some
viruses
✔✔What is the role of IL-7 in breast milk? - ✔✔Stronger immune system, reduces risk
of childhood leukaemia
✔✔What is the role of cytokines in breast milk? - ✔✔Helps to boost the immune system
✔✔Why does colostrum have a laxative effect? - ✔✔Reduces risk of jaundice by
assisting the passage of meconium, which contains bilirubin
, ✔✔Breastfeeding reduces the mothers' risk of ... - ✔✔Breast/ovarian cancer, hip
fractures, heart disease
✔✔When does lactogenesis begin? - ✔✔In utero, when breast tissue develops
✔✔What is the colostrum that a newborn baby may produce known as? - ✔✔Witches
milk
✔✔What occurs during Lactogenesis I? - ✔✔Initiation of milk secretion, breast
development at 16-20 weeks, differentiates alveolar epithelial cells into lactocytes that
secrete colostrum
✔✔What occurs during Lactogenesis II? - ✔✔Production of colostrum and transitional
milk, begins day 2-4, prolactin increase and pregnancy hormone decrease
✔✔What occurs during Lactogenesis III? - ✔✔Galactopoiesis, maintenance of lactation,
begins 8-9 days, milk production controlled by the autocrine system.
✔✔What is feedback inhibitor of lactation? - ✔✔Whey protein produced by acini cells
that inhibits milk production at each breast independently, controls the amount of milk
produced
✔✔What hormone is responsible for milk production? - ✔✔Prolactin
✔✔What controls prolactin levels during breastfeeding? - ✔✔Circadian rhythms, so
more milk is produced at night
✔✔When do progesterone levels start to reduce? - ✔✔At the start of or during labour
✔✔What hormones fall after the birth of the placenta? - ✔✔Oestrogen and
progesterone, hPL is no longer competing for breast receptor sites
✔✔What does the reduction in serum progesterone trigger? - ✔✔Awakening of
mammary secretory cells
✔✔What two factors keep prolactin dormant? - ✔✔hPL and high levels of progesterone
✔✔What role does oxytocin play in breastfeeding? - ✔✔It controls contraction of
myoepithelial cells and dilation of ducts
✔✔Where is progesterone produced? - ✔✔Corpus luteum and placenta
✔✔What kind of hormone is progesterone? - ✔✔Steroid hormone
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔What kind of protein is present in formula milk? - ✔✔Cows' milk protein, associated
with an increased risk of babies developing juvenile onset diabetes
✔✔What kind of fats are seen in breast milk? - ✔✔Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty
Acids
✔✔What kind of fats are seen in formula milk? - ✔✔Mainly vegetable, such as coconut
or rapeseed
✔✔What kind of growth factors are present in breast milk? - ✔✔Epidermal growth factor
✔✔What are transfer factors? - ✔✔Enable effective absorption of certain nutrients in the
milk
✔✔What is lactoferrin? - ✔✔Transfer factor found in breast milk that assists in iron
absorption and is bactericidal.
✔✔What immunoglobin is found in breast milk? - ✔✔IgA, which provides a protective
coating on the baby's gut
✔✔What are leukocytes? - ✔✔White blood cells that destroy harmful bacteria
✔✔What kind of leukocytes are found in breast milk? - ✔✔Macrophages, which produce
lysozyme that disrupt bacterial cell walls, destroying them
✔✔What are oligosaccharides? - ✔✔Simple, short-chain carbohydrates
✔✔What is the role of oligosaccharides in breast milk? - ✔✔Help develop microflora by
increasing beneficial bacteria in the baby's gut
✔✔What is the role of milk lipids in breast milk? - ✔✔Damage the outer surface of some
viruses
✔✔What is the role of IL-7 in breast milk? - ✔✔Stronger immune system, reduces risk
of childhood leukaemia
✔✔What is the role of cytokines in breast milk? - ✔✔Helps to boost the immune system
✔✔Why does colostrum have a laxative effect? - ✔✔Reduces risk of jaundice by
assisting the passage of meconium, which contains bilirubin
, ✔✔Breastfeeding reduces the mothers' risk of ... - ✔✔Breast/ovarian cancer, hip
fractures, heart disease
✔✔When does lactogenesis begin? - ✔✔In utero, when breast tissue develops
✔✔What is the colostrum that a newborn baby may produce known as? - ✔✔Witches
milk
✔✔What occurs during Lactogenesis I? - ✔✔Initiation of milk secretion, breast
development at 16-20 weeks, differentiates alveolar epithelial cells into lactocytes that
secrete colostrum
✔✔What occurs during Lactogenesis II? - ✔✔Production of colostrum and transitional
milk, begins day 2-4, prolactin increase and pregnancy hormone decrease
✔✔What occurs during Lactogenesis III? - ✔✔Galactopoiesis, maintenance of lactation,
begins 8-9 days, milk production controlled by the autocrine system.
✔✔What is feedback inhibitor of lactation? - ✔✔Whey protein produced by acini cells
that inhibits milk production at each breast independently, controls the amount of milk
produced
✔✔What hormone is responsible for milk production? - ✔✔Prolactin
✔✔What controls prolactin levels during breastfeeding? - ✔✔Circadian rhythms, so
more milk is produced at night
✔✔When do progesterone levels start to reduce? - ✔✔At the start of or during labour
✔✔What hormones fall after the birth of the placenta? - ✔✔Oestrogen and
progesterone, hPL is no longer competing for breast receptor sites
✔✔What does the reduction in serum progesterone trigger? - ✔✔Awakening of
mammary secretory cells
✔✔What two factors keep prolactin dormant? - ✔✔hPL and high levels of progesterone
✔✔What role does oxytocin play in breastfeeding? - ✔✔It controls contraction of
myoepithelial cells and dilation of ducts
✔✔Where is progesterone produced? - ✔✔Corpus luteum and placenta
✔✔What kind of hormone is progesterone? - ✔✔Steroid hormone
