NR507 Week 8 Final Exam 2026 NR 507 Advanced
Pathophysiology Complete Question 1-100 (Actual Exam
Proctored via Examplify) With Correct Answers | 100% Pass
Guaranteed | Graded A+ |
Cellular Adaptation, Injury & Neoplasia (Questions 1–10)
Question 1
A cell shrinks in size due to loss of cell substance. This is known as:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: C – Atrophy
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size due to reduced workload, nutrition, or
blood supply. Hyperplasia is increased cell number; hypertrophy is increased cell
size; metaplasia is one cell type replacing another.
Question 2
Which type of cellular adaptation occurs in the cervix of a smoker where normal
columnar epithelium is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium?
A) Dysplasia
B) Hyperplasia
C) Metaplasia
D) Anaplasia
Answer: C – Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type
with another. In smokers, the ciliated columnar epithelium of the cervix
undergoes squamous metaplasia as an adaptive response to chronic irritation.
,Question 3
Coagulative necrosis is most commonly seen in which organ?
A) Brain
B) Heart
C) Lungs
D) Pancreas
Answer: B – Heart
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis, where cell outlines remain but nuclei are lost, is
typical in solid organs like the heart, kidney, and liver following ischemic injury
(myocardial infarction). The brain undergoes liquefactive necrosis; lungs often
caseous; pancreas fat necrosis.
Question 4
A patient presents with a malignant tumor of epithelial origin. This is called a:
A) Sarcoma
B) Lymphoma
C) Carcinoma
D) Leukemia
Answer: C – Carcinoma
Rationale: Carcinomas arise from epithelial cells; sarcomas from mesenchymal
tissue (bone, muscle, fat); lymphomas from lymphocytes; leukemias from blood-
forming cells in bone marrow.
Question 5
Which characteristic distinguishes malignant tumors from benign tumors?
A) Well-defined capsule
B) Slow growth rate
C) Invasion and metastasis
D) Resembles normal tissue
Answer: C – Invasion and metastasis
Rationale: Malignant tumors invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to
,distant sites; benign tumors are encapsulated, grow slowly, and do not
metastasize.
Question 6
The process of programmed cell death is called:
A) Necrosis
B) Apoptosis
C) Pyroptosis
D) Autolysis
Answer: B – Apoptosis
Rationale: Apoptosis is genetically regulated, energy-dependent cell death
without inflammation. Necrosis is unregulated cell death from injury that triggers
inflammation.
Question 7
Dysplasia is best described as:
A) Increased organ size from cell enlargement
B) Disordered cell growth with loss of uniformity
C) Reversible replacement of one cell type
D) Decreased cell size from reduced workload
Answer: B – Disordered cell growth with loss of uniformity
Rationale: Dysplasia involves abnormal changes in cell size, shape, and
organization. It is often premalignant but may be reversible if the causative agent
is removed.
Question 8
A tumor suppressor gene that is mutated in many human cancers is:
A) RAS
B) MYC
C) TP53 (p53)
D) HER2/neu
, Answer: C – TP53 (p53)
Rationale: p53 is the "guardian of the genome" – it arrests the cell cycle for DNA
repair or triggers apoptosis. Mutations in TP53 are found in >50% of human
cancers. RAS and MYC are oncogenes; HER2/neu is a growth factor receptor.
Question 9
Liquefactive necrosis with formation of pus is characteristic of:
A) Myocardial infarction
B) Pulmonary tuberculosis
C) Bacterial brain abscess
D) Ischemic stroke
Answer: C – Bacterial brain abscess
Rationale: Liquefactive necrosis converts tissue into a viscous liquid pus. The
brain has high lipid content and undergoes liquefaction after infarction or
infection. Bacterial abscesses produce purulent liquefactive necrosis.
Question 10
Which term describes reversible cell injury characterized by water accumulation
in the cytoplasm?
A) Hydropic swelling
B) Fatty change
C) Hyaline change
D) Calcification
Answer: A – Hydropic swelling
Rationale: Hydropic (cloudy) swelling is the earliest manifestation of reversible
cell injury, caused by failure of sodium-potassium pumps leading to intracellular
water accumulation.
Immunity & Hypersensitivity (Questions 11–20)
Question 11
A patient develops hives, wheezing, and hypotension within minutes of receiving
Pathophysiology Complete Question 1-100 (Actual Exam
Proctored via Examplify) With Correct Answers | 100% Pass
Guaranteed | Graded A+ |
Cellular Adaptation, Injury & Neoplasia (Questions 1–10)
Question 1
A cell shrinks in size due to loss of cell substance. This is known as:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: C – Atrophy
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size due to reduced workload, nutrition, or
blood supply. Hyperplasia is increased cell number; hypertrophy is increased cell
size; metaplasia is one cell type replacing another.
Question 2
Which type of cellular adaptation occurs in the cervix of a smoker where normal
columnar epithelium is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium?
A) Dysplasia
B) Hyperplasia
C) Metaplasia
D) Anaplasia
Answer: C – Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type
with another. In smokers, the ciliated columnar epithelium of the cervix
undergoes squamous metaplasia as an adaptive response to chronic irritation.
,Question 3
Coagulative necrosis is most commonly seen in which organ?
A) Brain
B) Heart
C) Lungs
D) Pancreas
Answer: B – Heart
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis, where cell outlines remain but nuclei are lost, is
typical in solid organs like the heart, kidney, and liver following ischemic injury
(myocardial infarction). The brain undergoes liquefactive necrosis; lungs often
caseous; pancreas fat necrosis.
Question 4
A patient presents with a malignant tumor of epithelial origin. This is called a:
A) Sarcoma
B) Lymphoma
C) Carcinoma
D) Leukemia
Answer: C – Carcinoma
Rationale: Carcinomas arise from epithelial cells; sarcomas from mesenchymal
tissue (bone, muscle, fat); lymphomas from lymphocytes; leukemias from blood-
forming cells in bone marrow.
Question 5
Which characteristic distinguishes malignant tumors from benign tumors?
A) Well-defined capsule
B) Slow growth rate
C) Invasion and metastasis
D) Resembles normal tissue
Answer: C – Invasion and metastasis
Rationale: Malignant tumors invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to
,distant sites; benign tumors are encapsulated, grow slowly, and do not
metastasize.
Question 6
The process of programmed cell death is called:
A) Necrosis
B) Apoptosis
C) Pyroptosis
D) Autolysis
Answer: B – Apoptosis
Rationale: Apoptosis is genetically regulated, energy-dependent cell death
without inflammation. Necrosis is unregulated cell death from injury that triggers
inflammation.
Question 7
Dysplasia is best described as:
A) Increased organ size from cell enlargement
B) Disordered cell growth with loss of uniformity
C) Reversible replacement of one cell type
D) Decreased cell size from reduced workload
Answer: B – Disordered cell growth with loss of uniformity
Rationale: Dysplasia involves abnormal changes in cell size, shape, and
organization. It is often premalignant but may be reversible if the causative agent
is removed.
Question 8
A tumor suppressor gene that is mutated in many human cancers is:
A) RAS
B) MYC
C) TP53 (p53)
D) HER2/neu
, Answer: C – TP53 (p53)
Rationale: p53 is the "guardian of the genome" – it arrests the cell cycle for DNA
repair or triggers apoptosis. Mutations in TP53 are found in >50% of human
cancers. RAS and MYC are oncogenes; HER2/neu is a growth factor receptor.
Question 9
Liquefactive necrosis with formation of pus is characteristic of:
A) Myocardial infarction
B) Pulmonary tuberculosis
C) Bacterial brain abscess
D) Ischemic stroke
Answer: C – Bacterial brain abscess
Rationale: Liquefactive necrosis converts tissue into a viscous liquid pus. The
brain has high lipid content and undergoes liquefaction after infarction or
infection. Bacterial abscesses produce purulent liquefactive necrosis.
Question 10
Which term describes reversible cell injury characterized by water accumulation
in the cytoplasm?
A) Hydropic swelling
B) Fatty change
C) Hyaline change
D) Calcification
Answer: A – Hydropic swelling
Rationale: Hydropic (cloudy) swelling is the earliest manifestation of reversible
cell injury, caused by failure of sodium-potassium pumps leading to intracellular
water accumulation.
Immunity & Hypersensitivity (Questions 11–20)
Question 11
A patient develops hives, wheezing, and hypotension within minutes of receiving
