BIO 103 CORE EXAMINATION SET QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔NADPH - ✔✔An electron carrier used in photosynthesis to help build sugar.
✔✔Electron transport chain in chloroplasts - ✔✔Uses electron flow to pump H+ and
create a gradient for ATP production.
✔✔ATP synthase in photosynthesis - ✔✔Allows H+ to diffuse down its gradient and
uses that energy to make ATP.
✔✔Glucose uses in cells - ✔✔Glucose can be broken down for ATP, stored as
glycogen, or used to build other molecules.
✔✔Can cells directly use glucose for cellular work? - ✔✔No. Cells usually transfer
energy from glucose into ATP first.
✔✔Fossil fuel energy source - ✔✔The energy originally came from ancient
photosynthesis.
✔✔Why fossil fuels are nonrenewable - ✔✔They form over extremely long time periods
and are used much faster than they are replaced.
✔✔Algal biofuels - ✔✔Fuels made from algae that may reduce net CO2 increase
because algae capture CO2 while growing.
,✔✔Cellular respiration - ✔✔The process cells use to transfer energy from food
molecules to ATP.
✔✔Cellular respiration equation - ✔✔Glucose plus oxygen produces carbon dioxide,
water, and ATP.
✔✔Cellular respiration inputs - ✔✔Glucose and oxygen.
✔✔Cellular respiration outputs - ✔✔Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
✔✔Aerobic respiration - ✔✔Cellular respiration that uses oxygen.
✔✔Three stages of cellular respiration - ✔✔Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron
transport chain.
✔✔Glycolysis - ✔✔The first stage of respiration; breaks glucose into pyruvate and
makes a small amount of ATP.
✔✔Where glycolysis occurs - ✔✔Cytoplasm/cytosol.
✔✔Citric acid cycle - ✔✔The stage that extracts high-energy electrons from food
molecules and releases CO2.
✔✔Where citric acid cycle occurs - ✔✔Mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotes.
✔✔Electron transport chain in respiration - ✔✔Uses electrons from NADH/FADH2 to
pump H+ and make most ATP.
✔✔Where ETC occurs in eukaryotes - ✔✔Inner mitochondrial membrane.
✔✔Which respiration stage makes most ATP - ✔✔Electron transport chain/oxidative
phosphorylation.
✔✔Oxygen's role in respiration - ✔✔Oxygen is the final electron acceptor and forms
water.
✔✔What happens without oxygen - ✔✔The electron transport chain stops, NADH
cannot unload electrons, and aerobic respiration stops.
✔✔Why mitochondria "detoxify" oxygen - ✔✔Oxygen accepts electrons and hydrogen
to form water, preventing buildup of reactive oxygen.
✔✔NAD+ - ✔✔Oxidized electron carrier that accepts electrons.
, ✔✔NADH - ✔✔Reduced electron carrier that carries high-energy electrons.
✔✔FAD - ✔✔FAD is an oxidized electron carrier.
✔✔FADH2 - ✔✔FADH2 is the reduced form carrying electrons.
✔✔Oxidized - ✔✔Lost electrons and is more positive.
✔✔Reduced - ✔✔Gained electrons and is more negative.
✔✔Where electrons in respiration come from - ✔✔Electrons come from covalent bonds
in food molecules such as glucose.
✔✔CO2 production in respiration - ✔✔CO2 is released mainly during pyruvate
processing and the citric acid cycle.
✔✔Fermentation - ✔✔Anaerobic process that allows glycolysis to continue by
regenerating NAD+.
✔✔Why fermentation is needed without oxygen - ✔✔It regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis
can keep producing a small amount of ATP.
✔✔ATP yield of fermentation - ✔✔Low; about 2 ATP per glucose from glycolysis.
✔✔ATP yield of aerobic respiration - ✔✔Much higher than fermentation because the
ETC produces most ATP.
✔✔Lactic acid fermentation - ✔✔Regenerates NAD+ and produces lactate; occurs in
muscles and some microbes.
✔✔Alcohol fermentation - ✔✔Regenerates NAD+ and produces ethanol and CO2; used
by yeast.
✔✔Why yeast consumes more glucose anaerobically - ✔✔Fermentation makes much
less ATP per glucose, so more glucose is needed for the same ATP rate.
✔✔Why glycolysis is considered ancient - ✔✔It occurs in all cells, happens in
cytoplasm, and does not require oxygen.
✔✔Photosynthesis vs respiration - ✔✔Photosynthesis stores energy in glucose;
respiration releases energy from glucose into ATP.
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔NADPH - ✔✔An electron carrier used in photosynthesis to help build sugar.
✔✔Electron transport chain in chloroplasts - ✔✔Uses electron flow to pump H+ and
create a gradient for ATP production.
✔✔ATP synthase in photosynthesis - ✔✔Allows H+ to diffuse down its gradient and
uses that energy to make ATP.
✔✔Glucose uses in cells - ✔✔Glucose can be broken down for ATP, stored as
glycogen, or used to build other molecules.
✔✔Can cells directly use glucose for cellular work? - ✔✔No. Cells usually transfer
energy from glucose into ATP first.
✔✔Fossil fuel energy source - ✔✔The energy originally came from ancient
photosynthesis.
✔✔Why fossil fuels are nonrenewable - ✔✔They form over extremely long time periods
and are used much faster than they are replaced.
✔✔Algal biofuels - ✔✔Fuels made from algae that may reduce net CO2 increase
because algae capture CO2 while growing.
,✔✔Cellular respiration - ✔✔The process cells use to transfer energy from food
molecules to ATP.
✔✔Cellular respiration equation - ✔✔Glucose plus oxygen produces carbon dioxide,
water, and ATP.
✔✔Cellular respiration inputs - ✔✔Glucose and oxygen.
✔✔Cellular respiration outputs - ✔✔Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
✔✔Aerobic respiration - ✔✔Cellular respiration that uses oxygen.
✔✔Three stages of cellular respiration - ✔✔Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron
transport chain.
✔✔Glycolysis - ✔✔The first stage of respiration; breaks glucose into pyruvate and
makes a small amount of ATP.
✔✔Where glycolysis occurs - ✔✔Cytoplasm/cytosol.
✔✔Citric acid cycle - ✔✔The stage that extracts high-energy electrons from food
molecules and releases CO2.
✔✔Where citric acid cycle occurs - ✔✔Mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotes.
✔✔Electron transport chain in respiration - ✔✔Uses electrons from NADH/FADH2 to
pump H+ and make most ATP.
✔✔Where ETC occurs in eukaryotes - ✔✔Inner mitochondrial membrane.
✔✔Which respiration stage makes most ATP - ✔✔Electron transport chain/oxidative
phosphorylation.
✔✔Oxygen's role in respiration - ✔✔Oxygen is the final electron acceptor and forms
water.
✔✔What happens without oxygen - ✔✔The electron transport chain stops, NADH
cannot unload electrons, and aerobic respiration stops.
✔✔Why mitochondria "detoxify" oxygen - ✔✔Oxygen accepts electrons and hydrogen
to form water, preventing buildup of reactive oxygen.
✔✔NAD+ - ✔✔Oxidized electron carrier that accepts electrons.
, ✔✔NADH - ✔✔Reduced electron carrier that carries high-energy electrons.
✔✔FAD - ✔✔FAD is an oxidized electron carrier.
✔✔FADH2 - ✔✔FADH2 is the reduced form carrying electrons.
✔✔Oxidized - ✔✔Lost electrons and is more positive.
✔✔Reduced - ✔✔Gained electrons and is more negative.
✔✔Where electrons in respiration come from - ✔✔Electrons come from covalent bonds
in food molecules such as glucose.
✔✔CO2 production in respiration - ✔✔CO2 is released mainly during pyruvate
processing and the citric acid cycle.
✔✔Fermentation - ✔✔Anaerobic process that allows glycolysis to continue by
regenerating NAD+.
✔✔Why fermentation is needed without oxygen - ✔✔It regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis
can keep producing a small amount of ATP.
✔✔ATP yield of fermentation - ✔✔Low; about 2 ATP per glucose from glycolysis.
✔✔ATP yield of aerobic respiration - ✔✔Much higher than fermentation because the
ETC produces most ATP.
✔✔Lactic acid fermentation - ✔✔Regenerates NAD+ and produces lactate; occurs in
muscles and some microbes.
✔✔Alcohol fermentation - ✔✔Regenerates NAD+ and produces ethanol and CO2; used
by yeast.
✔✔Why yeast consumes more glucose anaerobically - ✔✔Fermentation makes much
less ATP per glucose, so more glucose is needed for the same ATP rate.
✔✔Why glycolysis is considered ancient - ✔✔It occurs in all cells, happens in
cytoplasm, and does not require oxygen.
✔✔Photosynthesis vs respiration - ✔✔Photosynthesis stores energy in glucose;
respiration releases energy from glucose into ATP.
