HPEX 353 - Exam 3 ACTUAL UPDATED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
what are the 4 chambers of the heart? right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle
what are the 4 valves of the heart? tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic
what does the myocardium contain? cardiac cells
what is the endocardium? inner lining of the heart
what is the epicardium? visceral layer of serous pericardium
what is the pericardium? outer covering on the heart
what are the components of blood? plasma, blood cells, water
Pericarditis inflammation of the pericardium; idiopathic, infection, secondary
symptoms of Pericarditis sharp pain that increases with deep inspiration, fluctuation of nature of pain (main
difference with MI), pericardial effusion = escape of fluid, orthopnea, dyspnea,
cardiac tamponade (life-threatening)
Myocarditis inflammation of the myocardium; viral (most common), bacterial
symptoms of Myocarditis (nonspecific signs), dyspnea, palpitations, ever, fatigue
Myalgia
, Endocarditis inflammation of the endocardium from bacteria (streptococcal); surgeries,
bone/skin infections, sexually transmitted (rare); vegetation (abnormal growths,
embolism)
symptoms of Endocarditis loud regurgitates heart murmur, weakness, fatigue, night sweats, chills, intermittent
fever, additional symptoms of vegetation break off into bloodstream, embolus
obstruction
diagnosing Endocarditis new heart murmur, blood cultures will identify bacteria in bloodstream, elevated
WBC count, ESR, cardiac enzymes, ECG, X-Ray frequently used
treating Endocarditis IV antibiotics, rest, analgesics, increase fluid intake, surgery for complications
describe the structure, function of cardiac valves. ensure a one-way system of blood flow; have projections (cusps) held in place by
strong tendons (chordae tendineae) attached to the inner walls of the heart by
small papillary muscles
what are ways that cardiac valves can malfunction? valve not closing completely, valve in opening too narrow (stenosis), leaking
blood black (regurgitation)
describe heart murmurs. generated by blood flow through the heart when there is an anomaly; graded on
the basis of intensity
what are heart murmurs caused by? blood leaking back, blood forcing its way through a narrowed valve, dilation of
the heart, rapid diastolic flow
Mitral Stenosis/Insufficiency blood flow is obstructed from left atrium to left ventricle (stenosis), or flows back
into the left atrium (insufficiency); associated with enlargement of left atrium;
secondary to streptococcal infection, MI, infective endocarditis - vegetations on
the heart valves cause stenosis
symptoms of Mitral Stenosis/Insufficiency orthopnea, dyspnea, fatigue, palpitations, peripheral edema, atrial fibrillation,
pulmonary hypertension, JVD ( jugular vein distension), abnormal heart sounds
diagnosing Mitral Stenosis/Insufficiency transthoracic echocardiography, electrocardiography, chest X-Ray, cardiac
catheterization
treating Mitral Stenosis/Insufficiency based on severity; percutaneous Balloon valve plasty, valve replacement
Atrial Stenosis/Insufficiency blood flow back into the left ventricle (insufficiency), or obstruction and increased
ventricular pressure (stenosis); congenital, calcium buildup, rheumatic fever
symptoms of Atrial Stenosis/Insufficiency (asymptomatic) orthopnea (shortness of breath lying flat), dyspnea, syncope,
fatigue, palpitations, peripheral edema, angina
diagnosing Atrial Stenosis/Insufficiency diastolic murmur (in insufficiency), systolic murmur (in stenosis), chest X-ray, ECG,
cardiac catheterization
treating Atrial Stenosis/Insufficiency percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, valve replacement
what are the 4 chambers of the heart? right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle
what are the 4 valves of the heart? tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic
what does the myocardium contain? cardiac cells
what is the endocardium? inner lining of the heart
what is the epicardium? visceral layer of serous pericardium
what is the pericardium? outer covering on the heart
what are the components of blood? plasma, blood cells, water
Pericarditis inflammation of the pericardium; idiopathic, infection, secondary
symptoms of Pericarditis sharp pain that increases with deep inspiration, fluctuation of nature of pain (main
difference with MI), pericardial effusion = escape of fluid, orthopnea, dyspnea,
cardiac tamponade (life-threatening)
Myocarditis inflammation of the myocardium; viral (most common), bacterial
symptoms of Myocarditis (nonspecific signs), dyspnea, palpitations, ever, fatigue
Myalgia
, Endocarditis inflammation of the endocardium from bacteria (streptococcal); surgeries,
bone/skin infections, sexually transmitted (rare); vegetation (abnormal growths,
embolism)
symptoms of Endocarditis loud regurgitates heart murmur, weakness, fatigue, night sweats, chills, intermittent
fever, additional symptoms of vegetation break off into bloodstream, embolus
obstruction
diagnosing Endocarditis new heart murmur, blood cultures will identify bacteria in bloodstream, elevated
WBC count, ESR, cardiac enzymes, ECG, X-Ray frequently used
treating Endocarditis IV antibiotics, rest, analgesics, increase fluid intake, surgery for complications
describe the structure, function of cardiac valves. ensure a one-way system of blood flow; have projections (cusps) held in place by
strong tendons (chordae tendineae) attached to the inner walls of the heart by
small papillary muscles
what are ways that cardiac valves can malfunction? valve not closing completely, valve in opening too narrow (stenosis), leaking
blood black (regurgitation)
describe heart murmurs. generated by blood flow through the heart when there is an anomaly; graded on
the basis of intensity
what are heart murmurs caused by? blood leaking back, blood forcing its way through a narrowed valve, dilation of
the heart, rapid diastolic flow
Mitral Stenosis/Insufficiency blood flow is obstructed from left atrium to left ventricle (stenosis), or flows back
into the left atrium (insufficiency); associated with enlargement of left atrium;
secondary to streptococcal infection, MI, infective endocarditis - vegetations on
the heart valves cause stenosis
symptoms of Mitral Stenosis/Insufficiency orthopnea, dyspnea, fatigue, palpitations, peripheral edema, atrial fibrillation,
pulmonary hypertension, JVD ( jugular vein distension), abnormal heart sounds
diagnosing Mitral Stenosis/Insufficiency transthoracic echocardiography, electrocardiography, chest X-Ray, cardiac
catheterization
treating Mitral Stenosis/Insufficiency based on severity; percutaneous Balloon valve plasty, valve replacement
Atrial Stenosis/Insufficiency blood flow back into the left ventricle (insufficiency), or obstruction and increased
ventricular pressure (stenosis); congenital, calcium buildup, rheumatic fever
symptoms of Atrial Stenosis/Insufficiency (asymptomatic) orthopnea (shortness of breath lying flat), dyspnea, syncope,
fatigue, palpitations, peripheral edema, angina
diagnosing Atrial Stenosis/Insufficiency diastolic murmur (in insufficiency), systolic murmur (in stenosis), chest X-ray, ECG,
cardiac catheterization
treating Atrial Stenosis/Insufficiency percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, valve replacement
