HMX IMMUNOLOGY TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS VERIFIED ANSWERS

HMX IMMUNOLOGY TEST PAPER
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
ANSWERS

●● Mucosal membrane
Answer: Epithelial lining that protects body surfaces exposed to the
external environment


●● Cytokines
Answer: Small signaling proteins that regulate immune responses and
communication between cells


●● Complement
Answer: Group of plasma proteins that enhance immune responses and
lyse pathogens


●● Antigen
Answer: Any substance recognized as foreign that triggers an immune
response


●● Antibody
Answer: Protein produced by B cells that specifically binds antigens

,●● Opsonization
Answer: Coating of pathogens to enhance phagocytosis


●● GALT
Answer: Gut-associated lymphoid tissue involved in immune defense of
intestines


●● Leukocytes
Answer: White blood cells responsible for immune defense


●● Red blood cells
Answer: Cells that carry oxygen but are not involved in immune defense


●● Platelets
Answer: Cell fragments involved in clotting, not immunity


●● Variable region
Answer: Region of antibody or TCR that binds specific antigen


●● Constant region
Answer: Region of antibody or TCR that determines function

, ●● Innate immunity
Answer: Immediate, non-specific first line of defense


●● Epithelial barriers
Answer: Physical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes


●● Defensins
Answer: Antimicrobial peptides that disrupt microbial membranes


●● Pentraxins
Answer: Proteins that bind pathogens and activate complement


●● Normal microflora
Answer: Beneficial microbes that compete with pathogens


●● Cilia
Answer: Hair-like structures that move mucus and trapped pathogens


●● Low pH
Answer: Acidic environment that inhibits microbial growth


●● Blood clotting