ENSF 461 MIDTERM UPDATED COMPREHENSIVE
EXAM SCRIPT 2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GUARANTEED TO PASS
◉ Products. Answer: an ending material in a chemical reaction.
◉ subatomic particles. Answer: protons, neutrons, and electrons;
particles smaller then an atom.
◉ Neutrons. Answer: an electrically neutral particle. does not have
an electrical charge. found in the nucleus of an atom.
◉ Protons. Answer: a subatomic particle with a single unit of
positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom.
◉ Nucleus (plural; nuclei). Answer: an atom's central core,
containing protons and neutrons. the genetic control center of a
eukaryotic cell.
◉ Electrons. Answer: a subatomic particle with a single unit of
negative electrical charge. one or more electrons move around the
nucleus of an atom.
,◉ Isotope. Answer: a variant form of an atom. isotopes of an element
have the same number of protons and electrons but different
number of neutrons.
◉ Ions. Answer: an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or
more electron, thus acquiring an electrical charge.
◉ Chemical bonds. Answer: an attraction between two atoms
resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of
opposite charges on the atoms. the bonded atoms gain complete
outer electron shells.
◉ Ionic Bonds. Answer: an attraction between two ions with
opposite electrical charges. the electrical attraction of the opposite
charges holds the ions together.
◉ Covalent Bonds. Answer: an attraction between atoms that share
one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons
◉ Nonpolar Bond. Answer: the electrons are shared equally between
the two atoms in the bond
◉ Polar bond. Answer: unequal sharing of electrons. electrons are
more strongly attracted to one atom than the other. making it
slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.
, ◉ Hydrogen Bonds. Answer: a type of weak chemical bond formed
when a partially positive hydrogen atom from one polar molecule is
attracted to the partially negative atom in another molecule.
◉ solution. Answer: a liquid consisting of a homogeneous mixture of
two or more substances: a dissolving agent, the solvent, and a
substance that is dissolved, the solute.
◉ cohesion. Answer: the attraction between molecules of the same
kind. creates surface tension.
◉ Adhesion. Answer: the clinging of one substance to another,
causes water droplets to stick to surfaces.
◉ Properties of water. Answer: temperature regulation, ice floats
(ice is more dense than water), water as a solvent, cohesion and
adhesion (surface tension)
◉ Aqueous solution. Answer: a solution which water is the solvent
◉ pH scale. Answer: a measure of the relative acidity of a solution,
ranging from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic). stands for potential
hydrogen and refers to the concentration of hydrogen ions
EXAM SCRIPT 2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GUARANTEED TO PASS
◉ Products. Answer: an ending material in a chemical reaction.
◉ subatomic particles. Answer: protons, neutrons, and electrons;
particles smaller then an atom.
◉ Neutrons. Answer: an electrically neutral particle. does not have
an electrical charge. found in the nucleus of an atom.
◉ Protons. Answer: a subatomic particle with a single unit of
positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom.
◉ Nucleus (plural; nuclei). Answer: an atom's central core,
containing protons and neutrons. the genetic control center of a
eukaryotic cell.
◉ Electrons. Answer: a subatomic particle with a single unit of
negative electrical charge. one or more electrons move around the
nucleus of an atom.
,◉ Isotope. Answer: a variant form of an atom. isotopes of an element
have the same number of protons and electrons but different
number of neutrons.
◉ Ions. Answer: an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or
more electron, thus acquiring an electrical charge.
◉ Chemical bonds. Answer: an attraction between two atoms
resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of
opposite charges on the atoms. the bonded atoms gain complete
outer electron shells.
◉ Ionic Bonds. Answer: an attraction between two ions with
opposite electrical charges. the electrical attraction of the opposite
charges holds the ions together.
◉ Covalent Bonds. Answer: an attraction between atoms that share
one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons
◉ Nonpolar Bond. Answer: the electrons are shared equally between
the two atoms in the bond
◉ Polar bond. Answer: unequal sharing of electrons. electrons are
more strongly attracted to one atom than the other. making it
slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.
, ◉ Hydrogen Bonds. Answer: a type of weak chemical bond formed
when a partially positive hydrogen atom from one polar molecule is
attracted to the partially negative atom in another molecule.
◉ solution. Answer: a liquid consisting of a homogeneous mixture of
two or more substances: a dissolving agent, the solvent, and a
substance that is dissolved, the solute.
◉ cohesion. Answer: the attraction between molecules of the same
kind. creates surface tension.
◉ Adhesion. Answer: the clinging of one substance to another,
causes water droplets to stick to surfaces.
◉ Properties of water. Answer: temperature regulation, ice floats
(ice is more dense than water), water as a solvent, cohesion and
adhesion (surface tension)
◉ Aqueous solution. Answer: a solution which water is the solvent
◉ pH scale. Answer: a measure of the relative acidity of a solution,
ranging from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic). stands for potential
hydrogen and refers to the concentration of hydrogen ions
