APEX Cardiac (Latest 2026/ 2027 Update)
100% Verified Questions & Answers
{Grade A}
What is the rate of coronary blood flow? - correct answer 225-250ml/min or 4-7% of
the cardiac output
What rate does the myocardium consume O2 at rest? - correct answer 8-10
mL/100g/min
Describe the hypertrophy and sarcomere growth with regurgitant valvular disease -
correct answer - ECCENTRIC hypertrophy
- Sarcomere in SERIES
Describe the hypertrophy and sarcomere growth with stenotic valvular disease -
correct answer - CONCENTRIC hypertrophy
- Sarcomere in PARALLEL
What is the normal aortic valve orifice size? - correct answer 2.5-3.5 cm2
,At what aortic valve orifice is aortic stenosis considered severe? - correct answer <
0.8 cm2
Name 4 causes of aortic stenosis and rank them from most common to least. - correct
answer 1. Bileaflet aortic valve
2. Calcified leaflets
3. rheumatic fever
4. infective endocarditis
What are the 3 signs/ symptoms of severe aortic stenosis? And their 50% of survival in
years - correct answer 1. Angina, 5 years
2. Syncope, 3years
3. Dyspnea, 2 years
What are 4 anesthetic considerations for aortic stenosis? - correct answer 1. HR 70-80
and keep NSR
2. Increase preload
, 3. Maintain/increase SVR
4. Maintain contractility
What are 2 main causes of mitral stenosis? - correct answer 1. Endocarditis
2. Rheumatic fever
What are 4 anesthetic considerations for aortic/ mitral stenosis? - correct answer 1.
HR: Low end of normal with NSR
2. Maintain preload
3. Maintian afterload
4. Avoid increase in PVR
"Full, slow, and constricted"
What are 4 anesthetic considerations for aortic/mitral regurgitation? - correct answer
1. High HR with NSR
2. Increase preload
3. Decrease afterload
4. Avoid increase in PVR
100% Verified Questions & Answers
{Grade A}
What is the rate of coronary blood flow? - correct answer 225-250ml/min or 4-7% of
the cardiac output
What rate does the myocardium consume O2 at rest? - correct answer 8-10
mL/100g/min
Describe the hypertrophy and sarcomere growth with regurgitant valvular disease -
correct answer - ECCENTRIC hypertrophy
- Sarcomere in SERIES
Describe the hypertrophy and sarcomere growth with stenotic valvular disease -
correct answer - CONCENTRIC hypertrophy
- Sarcomere in PARALLEL
What is the normal aortic valve orifice size? - correct answer 2.5-3.5 cm2
,At what aortic valve orifice is aortic stenosis considered severe? - correct answer <
0.8 cm2
Name 4 causes of aortic stenosis and rank them from most common to least. - correct
answer 1. Bileaflet aortic valve
2. Calcified leaflets
3. rheumatic fever
4. infective endocarditis
What are the 3 signs/ symptoms of severe aortic stenosis? And their 50% of survival in
years - correct answer 1. Angina, 5 years
2. Syncope, 3years
3. Dyspnea, 2 years
What are 4 anesthetic considerations for aortic stenosis? - correct answer 1. HR 70-80
and keep NSR
2. Increase preload
, 3. Maintain/increase SVR
4. Maintain contractility
What are 2 main causes of mitral stenosis? - correct answer 1. Endocarditis
2. Rheumatic fever
What are 4 anesthetic considerations for aortic/ mitral stenosis? - correct answer 1.
HR: Low end of normal with NSR
2. Maintain preload
3. Maintian afterload
4. Avoid increase in PVR
"Full, slow, and constricted"
What are 4 anesthetic considerations for aortic/mitral regurgitation? - correct answer
1. High HR with NSR
2. Increase preload
3. Decrease afterload
4. Avoid increase in PVR
