NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterm Exam Questions and Answers
1. Hypersensitivity: Type 1: Type 1: Allergic reaction, Mediated by IgE, Inflammation due
to mast cell degranulation
Local symptoms:
-itching
-rash
Systemic symptoms:
-wheezing
Most dangerous = anaphylactic reaction
systemic response of hypotension, severe
bronchoconstriction Main treatment: epinephrine
reverses the effects
2. Hypersensitivity: Type 2: Type 2: Cytotoxic reaction; tissue specific (ex: thyroid tissue)
Macrophages are the primary effectors cells
involved Can cause tissue damage or alter
function
Grave's disease (hyperthyroidism) - example of altering thyroid function, but does not destroy thyroid tissue
,Incompatible blood type- example of cell/tissue damage that occurs; severe transfusion reaction occurs and
the transfused erythrocytes are destroyed by agglutination or complement-mediated lysis.
3. Type 1 Hypersensitivity VS. Type 2 Hypersensitivity: Type 1
Hypersensitivity
Organ Specific
Antibody binds to the antigen on the cell surface
Type 2
Hypersensitivity Not
Organ Specific
Antibody binds to the soluble antigen outside the cell surface that was released into the blood or body
fluids, and the complex is then deposited in the tissues
4. Hypersensitivity: Type 3 - Examples: Rheumatoid arthritis: Antigen/antibodies are
deposited in the
joints
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)- very closely related to autoimmunity- antigen/antibodies deposit in
organs that cause tissue damage
5. Hypersensitivity: Type 4: Delayed response
Does not involve antigen/antibody complexes like Types 1, 2
and 3 Is T-cell mediated
, 6. Differentiating Between the Rash of a Type 1 vs. Type 4 Reaction::
Type 1: Immediate hypersensitivity reactions, termed atopic dermatitis, are usually characterized
by widely distributed lesions
Type 4: Contact dermatitis (delayed hypersensitivity) consists of lesions only at the site of contact with
the allergen The key determinant is the timing of the rash:
-Type 1 = Immediate
-Type 4 = Delayed: Several days following contact, ex would be poison ivy
7. Treatment of Type 4 Rash: A non-severe case of contact dermatitis would be treated
with topical corticosteroid.
Why not epinephrine or antihistamines?
-Epinephrine is for emergent Type 1 anaphylactic reactions. Antihistamines act on the H1 receptors.
Type 4 does not involve mast cells and H1 receptors.
Antibiotics not appropriate since not an infection
8. Autoimmunity: Autoimmune disease can be familial, Attected family members may not all
develop the same disease, but several members may have ditterent disorders characterized by a variety
of hypersensitivity reactions, These include autoimmune and allergic reactions
Associations with particular autoimmune diseases have been identified for a variety of major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles or non-MHC genes
9. Alloimmunity: General term used to describe when an individual's immune system reacts
against antigens
Midterm Exam Questions and Answers
1. Hypersensitivity: Type 1: Type 1: Allergic reaction, Mediated by IgE, Inflammation due
to mast cell degranulation
Local symptoms:
-itching
-rash
Systemic symptoms:
-wheezing
Most dangerous = anaphylactic reaction
systemic response of hypotension, severe
bronchoconstriction Main treatment: epinephrine
reverses the effects
2. Hypersensitivity: Type 2: Type 2: Cytotoxic reaction; tissue specific (ex: thyroid tissue)
Macrophages are the primary effectors cells
involved Can cause tissue damage or alter
function
Grave's disease (hyperthyroidism) - example of altering thyroid function, but does not destroy thyroid tissue
,Incompatible blood type- example of cell/tissue damage that occurs; severe transfusion reaction occurs and
the transfused erythrocytes are destroyed by agglutination or complement-mediated lysis.
3. Type 1 Hypersensitivity VS. Type 2 Hypersensitivity: Type 1
Hypersensitivity
Organ Specific
Antibody binds to the antigen on the cell surface
Type 2
Hypersensitivity Not
Organ Specific
Antibody binds to the soluble antigen outside the cell surface that was released into the blood or body
fluids, and the complex is then deposited in the tissues
4. Hypersensitivity: Type 3 - Examples: Rheumatoid arthritis: Antigen/antibodies are
deposited in the
joints
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)- very closely related to autoimmunity- antigen/antibodies deposit in
organs that cause tissue damage
5. Hypersensitivity: Type 4: Delayed response
Does not involve antigen/antibody complexes like Types 1, 2
and 3 Is T-cell mediated
, 6. Differentiating Between the Rash of a Type 1 vs. Type 4 Reaction::
Type 1: Immediate hypersensitivity reactions, termed atopic dermatitis, are usually characterized
by widely distributed lesions
Type 4: Contact dermatitis (delayed hypersensitivity) consists of lesions only at the site of contact with
the allergen The key determinant is the timing of the rash:
-Type 1 = Immediate
-Type 4 = Delayed: Several days following contact, ex would be poison ivy
7. Treatment of Type 4 Rash: A non-severe case of contact dermatitis would be treated
with topical corticosteroid.
Why not epinephrine or antihistamines?
-Epinephrine is for emergent Type 1 anaphylactic reactions. Antihistamines act on the H1 receptors.
Type 4 does not involve mast cells and H1 receptors.
Antibiotics not appropriate since not an infection
8. Autoimmunity: Autoimmune disease can be familial, Attected family members may not all
develop the same disease, but several members may have ditterent disorders characterized by a variety
of hypersensitivity reactions, These include autoimmune and allergic reactions
Associations with particular autoimmune diseases have been identified for a variety of major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles or non-MHC genes
9. Alloimmunity: General term used to describe when an individual's immune system reacts
against antigens
