Page 1 of 38
08 June 2026
PATHO 502 Final 2026/2027 Exam Prep
TestBank with 200 Exam Questions and Correct
Answers/ PATHO 502 Final Latest Exam Prep Test
Bank (New!)
RF is a 52 year-old male with ischemic cardiomyopathy due to longstanding
uncontrolled HTN. Due to noncompliance with his antihypertensive therapies,
JR subsequently develops HF with left ventricular hypertrophy and
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with diastolic dysfunction. Which of the
following is most likely TRUE regarding JR's type of HF?
A. RF's ventricle is thinned and dilated
B. RF's ejection fraction (EF) is preserved
C. RF's contractility is impaired
D. Many therapies are known to be efficacious in treating RF's type of HF
TR is a 54 year old male with HF. He reports dyspnea on exertion. On physical
exam, he has JVD/HJR, ascites, and lower extremity edema. He also has
tachypnea (RR 24), rales and low O2 Sat. He is A&Ox1 and has a BP 90/75,
cool extremities, and worsening renal function. Which of the following best
describes AM's HF signs and symptoms?
A. Volume overload only
B. Low cardiac output only
C. Both volume overload and low cardiac output
D. Neither volume overload nor cardiac output
ST is a 24 year old female diagnosed with HF several years ago. She has some
minimal limitation in her activities of daily living but does occasionally have
shortness of breath with more moderate activities (e.g. walking briskly,
climbing stairs). Which of the following best describes CT?
A. Stage A only
B. Stage B, NYHA Class I
C. Stage C, NYHA Class II
D. Stage D, NYHA Class IV
Which of the following is consistent with normal sinus rhythm?
A. P wave before every other QRS interval
B. Irregular intervals between QRS intervals
C. QRS interval greater than 120 msec
D. QT interval less than 400 msec
Which of the following arrhythmias is most likely caused by enhanced
sympathetic tone?
A. Sinus bradycardia
B. Sinus tachycardia
C. 1st degree AV nodal block
, Page 2 of 38
08 June 2026
D. 3rd degree AV nodal block
Which of the following is/are TRUE regarding arrhythmias?
A. Sinus bradycardia is normal sinus rhythm with a HR <60 bpm
B. Supraventricular arrhythmias originate below the AV node
C. Sinus tachycardia is never a normal sinus rhythm
D. 1st degree AVB carries worse prognosis than 3rd degree AV
Which of the following are TRUE regarding potential etiologies or
consequences of atrial fibrillation?
A. Only cardiac etiologies such as ischemia and valve disease cause atrial fibrillation
B. Stroke volume is enhanced in atrial fibrillation
C. An atrial mural thrombus may form resulting in a stroke
D. Rapid atrial rate may cause an increase in stroke volume
You are on early immersion rotation and a Code Blue is called overhead on
one of your patients. When you enter the room, the monitor displays
ventricular fibrillation and CPR is being performed. Which of the following is
TRUE regarding ventricular fibrillation and optimal management of this
patient?
A. The rhythm displayed is irregularly irregular
B. The most recently obtained potassium and phosphorus level should be assessed
C. Cardioversion should occur immediately to restore normal sinus rhythm D. If
cardioeversion fails, immediately administer a muscarinic agonist
Which of the following are TRUE regarding Torsade de pointes?
A. Medications can never be a potential underlying cause of this rhythm
B. The rhythm will present as a monomorphic ventricular tachycardia
C. More common in the setting of hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia D. More
common in the setting of an increased baseline QT interval
A positive Interferon-based test (Quantiferon Gold) for Mycobacterium
tuberculosis is performed to determine if the individual has
A. Active tuberculosis disease
B. Adequate immunity to protect against tuberculosis
C. Been infected with drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis D. Been
exposed to and infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
A person with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), confirmed by a positive
tuberculin skin test, is
A. A current infectious risk to others exposed to him or her
B. At risk for developing active tuberculosis disease at some future time
C. Unable to mount an adequate immune response to protect against infection D.
Experiencing mild symptoms of active tuberculosis infection such as cough and
fever
Bacteria that cause acute otitis media are
, Page 3 of 38
08 June 2026
A. Typically present as normal flora at an adjacent area of body near the upper
respiratory tract
B. Identified by culture of infected fluid from the middle ear prior to deciding on
treatment
C. Usually acquired through direct inhalation from an infected person
Otitis media with effusion refers to
A. An episode of acute otitis media where the patient’s symptoms are more severe
B. A viral cause of otitis media that is not responsive to antibiotic therapy
C. The presence of an abnormal fluid collection in the middle ear space without
evidence of inflammation
D. A puncture in the tympanic membrane of the middle ear resulting in drainage out
the ear canal
The most common infectious cause of pharyngitis (sore throat) in children and adults
is
A. A virus
B. Group A Streptococcus
C. Allergies
D. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
A major difference between community acquired pneumonia and hospital acquired
pneumonia is
A. The symptoms that the patient presents with
B. The possible organisms implicated in the infection
C. The risk of infectiousness that the infected patient poses to others
The reason that obstructive pulmonary diseases are characterized by a decrease in
the FEV1 to FVC ratio is because
A. Fibrosis of lung tissue reduces the rate of expiratory airflow during exhalation
B. Patients develop weakness of inspiratory muscles of ventilation
C. Inflammation and mucus in the airway reduce the rate of airflow during exhalation
D. Patients experience a decreased in the concentration of oxygen in inhaled air
Patients with COPD who are categorized as carbon dioxide retainers
A. Are at increased risk for worsening carbon dioxide retention if they receive too
much supplemental oxygen
B. Should not be treated with supplemental oxygen due to the risk of respiratory
depression
C. Typically have normal p02 levels in their arterial blood
D. Exhibit a decreased total lung capacity on spirometry testing
Prolonged pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction
A. Is associated with lower pressures in the pulmonary circulation due to reduced
blood flow
B. Is a common feature seen in asthma patients even when spirometry is normal
C. Results in vessel remodeling and less elasticity of vasculature
D. Improves diffusion of gases by slowing the rate of blood flow through the lung
, Page 4 of 38
08 June 2026
In patients with COPD diseases such as emphysema, lung compliance is
__________ because of ________ elastic recoil of lung tissue.
A. Decreased; Increased
B. Increased; Decreased
C. Decreased; Decreased
D. Increased; Increased
Based on your knowledge about the central control of ventilation, what is expected in
a patient with a previously normal pCO2, who now exhibits an elevated pCO2 due to
either an acute asthma episode or a COPD exacerbation? A. Ventilatory effort will
decrease in response to the elevated pCO2
B. Ventilatory effort will increase in response to the elevated pCO2
C. Ventilatory effort will not be affected in this acute scenario in response to
elevated pCO2
In a patient with a restrictive lung disease such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,
diffusion capacity is often reduced due to a ____
A. Thickening of the alveolar-capillary membrane interface
B. Reduction in the FEV1 to FVC ratio
C. Decrease in the concentration of inspired oxygen
D. Alteration in ventilation perfusion matching
A possible link between gastrointestinal disorders (e.g. Gastroesophageal Reflux
Disease) and restrictive lung diseases is based on the possibility that ______
A. GI disease affects abdominal breathing which compromises respiratory function
B. Blood loss in the GI tract reduces hemoglobin which results in decreased oxygen
in circulating blood
C. Acid from the GI tract can be aspirated in the airways resulting in damage to lung
tissue
D. Pulmonary mucosal cells are replaced by GI mucosal cells which have different
functions
In infectious diseases such as otitis media and sinusitis, abnormal collections of fluid
accumulate in spaces (sinuses or middle ear) because
A. The tracts or tubes that usually allow for movement of secretions are less
patent because of inflammation
B. Immunological responses are inhibited in the presence of bacterial
pathogens C. Blood flow to these body compartments is restricted due to changes
in the local vasculature
The administration of a vaccine to an individual to reduce the risk for future
infections is based on the principles of
Innate immunity
08 June 2026
PATHO 502 Final 2026/2027 Exam Prep
TestBank with 200 Exam Questions and Correct
Answers/ PATHO 502 Final Latest Exam Prep Test
Bank (New!)
RF is a 52 year-old male with ischemic cardiomyopathy due to longstanding
uncontrolled HTN. Due to noncompliance with his antihypertensive therapies,
JR subsequently develops HF with left ventricular hypertrophy and
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with diastolic dysfunction. Which of the
following is most likely TRUE regarding JR's type of HF?
A. RF's ventricle is thinned and dilated
B. RF's ejection fraction (EF) is preserved
C. RF's contractility is impaired
D. Many therapies are known to be efficacious in treating RF's type of HF
TR is a 54 year old male with HF. He reports dyspnea on exertion. On physical
exam, he has JVD/HJR, ascites, and lower extremity edema. He also has
tachypnea (RR 24), rales and low O2 Sat. He is A&Ox1 and has a BP 90/75,
cool extremities, and worsening renal function. Which of the following best
describes AM's HF signs and symptoms?
A. Volume overload only
B. Low cardiac output only
C. Both volume overload and low cardiac output
D. Neither volume overload nor cardiac output
ST is a 24 year old female diagnosed with HF several years ago. She has some
minimal limitation in her activities of daily living but does occasionally have
shortness of breath with more moderate activities (e.g. walking briskly,
climbing stairs). Which of the following best describes CT?
A. Stage A only
B. Stage B, NYHA Class I
C. Stage C, NYHA Class II
D. Stage D, NYHA Class IV
Which of the following is consistent with normal sinus rhythm?
A. P wave before every other QRS interval
B. Irregular intervals between QRS intervals
C. QRS interval greater than 120 msec
D. QT interval less than 400 msec
Which of the following arrhythmias is most likely caused by enhanced
sympathetic tone?
A. Sinus bradycardia
B. Sinus tachycardia
C. 1st degree AV nodal block
, Page 2 of 38
08 June 2026
D. 3rd degree AV nodal block
Which of the following is/are TRUE regarding arrhythmias?
A. Sinus bradycardia is normal sinus rhythm with a HR <60 bpm
B. Supraventricular arrhythmias originate below the AV node
C. Sinus tachycardia is never a normal sinus rhythm
D. 1st degree AVB carries worse prognosis than 3rd degree AV
Which of the following are TRUE regarding potential etiologies or
consequences of atrial fibrillation?
A. Only cardiac etiologies such as ischemia and valve disease cause atrial fibrillation
B. Stroke volume is enhanced in atrial fibrillation
C. An atrial mural thrombus may form resulting in a stroke
D. Rapid atrial rate may cause an increase in stroke volume
You are on early immersion rotation and a Code Blue is called overhead on
one of your patients. When you enter the room, the monitor displays
ventricular fibrillation and CPR is being performed. Which of the following is
TRUE regarding ventricular fibrillation and optimal management of this
patient?
A. The rhythm displayed is irregularly irregular
B. The most recently obtained potassium and phosphorus level should be assessed
C. Cardioversion should occur immediately to restore normal sinus rhythm D. If
cardioeversion fails, immediately administer a muscarinic agonist
Which of the following are TRUE regarding Torsade de pointes?
A. Medications can never be a potential underlying cause of this rhythm
B. The rhythm will present as a monomorphic ventricular tachycardia
C. More common in the setting of hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia D. More
common in the setting of an increased baseline QT interval
A positive Interferon-based test (Quantiferon Gold) for Mycobacterium
tuberculosis is performed to determine if the individual has
A. Active tuberculosis disease
B. Adequate immunity to protect against tuberculosis
C. Been infected with drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis D. Been
exposed to and infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
A person with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), confirmed by a positive
tuberculin skin test, is
A. A current infectious risk to others exposed to him or her
B. At risk for developing active tuberculosis disease at some future time
C. Unable to mount an adequate immune response to protect against infection D.
Experiencing mild symptoms of active tuberculosis infection such as cough and
fever
Bacteria that cause acute otitis media are
, Page 3 of 38
08 June 2026
A. Typically present as normal flora at an adjacent area of body near the upper
respiratory tract
B. Identified by culture of infected fluid from the middle ear prior to deciding on
treatment
C. Usually acquired through direct inhalation from an infected person
Otitis media with effusion refers to
A. An episode of acute otitis media where the patient’s symptoms are more severe
B. A viral cause of otitis media that is not responsive to antibiotic therapy
C. The presence of an abnormal fluid collection in the middle ear space without
evidence of inflammation
D. A puncture in the tympanic membrane of the middle ear resulting in drainage out
the ear canal
The most common infectious cause of pharyngitis (sore throat) in children and adults
is
A. A virus
B. Group A Streptococcus
C. Allergies
D. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
A major difference between community acquired pneumonia and hospital acquired
pneumonia is
A. The symptoms that the patient presents with
B. The possible organisms implicated in the infection
C. The risk of infectiousness that the infected patient poses to others
The reason that obstructive pulmonary diseases are characterized by a decrease in
the FEV1 to FVC ratio is because
A. Fibrosis of lung tissue reduces the rate of expiratory airflow during exhalation
B. Patients develop weakness of inspiratory muscles of ventilation
C. Inflammation and mucus in the airway reduce the rate of airflow during exhalation
D. Patients experience a decreased in the concentration of oxygen in inhaled air
Patients with COPD who are categorized as carbon dioxide retainers
A. Are at increased risk for worsening carbon dioxide retention if they receive too
much supplemental oxygen
B. Should not be treated with supplemental oxygen due to the risk of respiratory
depression
C. Typically have normal p02 levels in their arterial blood
D. Exhibit a decreased total lung capacity on spirometry testing
Prolonged pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction
A. Is associated with lower pressures in the pulmonary circulation due to reduced
blood flow
B. Is a common feature seen in asthma patients even when spirometry is normal
C. Results in vessel remodeling and less elasticity of vasculature
D. Improves diffusion of gases by slowing the rate of blood flow through the lung
, Page 4 of 38
08 June 2026
In patients with COPD diseases such as emphysema, lung compliance is
__________ because of ________ elastic recoil of lung tissue.
A. Decreased; Increased
B. Increased; Decreased
C. Decreased; Decreased
D. Increased; Increased
Based on your knowledge about the central control of ventilation, what is expected in
a patient with a previously normal pCO2, who now exhibits an elevated pCO2 due to
either an acute asthma episode or a COPD exacerbation? A. Ventilatory effort will
decrease in response to the elevated pCO2
B. Ventilatory effort will increase in response to the elevated pCO2
C. Ventilatory effort will not be affected in this acute scenario in response to
elevated pCO2
In a patient with a restrictive lung disease such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,
diffusion capacity is often reduced due to a ____
A. Thickening of the alveolar-capillary membrane interface
B. Reduction in the FEV1 to FVC ratio
C. Decrease in the concentration of inspired oxygen
D. Alteration in ventilation perfusion matching
A possible link between gastrointestinal disorders (e.g. Gastroesophageal Reflux
Disease) and restrictive lung diseases is based on the possibility that ______
A. GI disease affects abdominal breathing which compromises respiratory function
B. Blood loss in the GI tract reduces hemoglobin which results in decreased oxygen
in circulating blood
C. Acid from the GI tract can be aspirated in the airways resulting in damage to lung
tissue
D. Pulmonary mucosal cells are replaced by GI mucosal cells which have different
functions
In infectious diseases such as otitis media and sinusitis, abnormal collections of fluid
accumulate in spaces (sinuses or middle ear) because
A. The tracts or tubes that usually allow for movement of secretions are less
patent because of inflammation
B. Immunological responses are inhibited in the presence of bacterial
pathogens C. Blood flow to these body compartments is restricted due to changes
in the local vasculature
The administration of a vaccine to an individual to reduce the risk for future
infections is based on the principles of
Innate immunity
