Guide Exam Fully Solved 2026
Updated.
Piaget: Sensorimotor Stage - Answer Ages: birth to age 2
The stage during which children learn through senses and motor activities.
Coordination of sensory input and motor responses
Development of object permanence
Piaget Perioperations Subperiod - Answer Deferred Imitation, symbolic play, Graphic imagery,
mental imagery, and language.
Piaget Concrete Operations - Answer 7-11 years old
Begin abstract thought
Plays games with rules
Cause and effect relationship
Conservation of quantity, weight, volume, inclusion/seriation
Piaget Formal Operations - Answer 12-adult; ability to think abstractly; thinking operates in a
formal, logical manner
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development - Answer Moral development takes place in stages
and awareness of other people increases at each stage
Preconventional: Punishment/obedience
Conventional: Act in ways to maintain good relationships with others.
Postconventional: Develop ethical principles that are self-accepted.
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory - Answer stage theory of psychosocial development, lifespan
consists of eight dilemmas that must be solved correctly in order to solve the next dilemma
, Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson) - Answer 0-1 years. Erikson's first stage during the first year of life,
infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner. Can be associated
with psychosis, addiction, and depression when negative.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Erikson) - Answer 1 - 3 years. Using new mental and motor
skills, children want to choose and decide for themselves. Autonomy is fostered when parents
permit reasonable free choice and do not force or shame the child. Aligns with Freud's anal
stage. Can be associated with paranoia, OCD, and impulsivity when negative.
Initiative vs. Guilt (Erikson) - Answer 3-6 yrs, good: sense of purpose, ability to initiate
activities, ability to enjoy accomplishment, bad: fear of punishment, restrict himself, show off.
Can be associated with conversion disorder, phobias, psychosomatic disorder, and inhibition.
Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson) - Answer 6-12 yrs, good: competence, exercise his/her
abilities and intelligence in the world, be able to affect world in the way that the child desires
bad: inadequacy, low self esteem. Can be associated with creative inhibition, Intertion.
Identity vs. Role Confusion (Erikson) - Answer 13-19 yr, **most crucial** teens struggle with
identity crisis, if healthy experimentation is fostered they attain identity achievement; if not,
they face insecurity and low self-worth. Can be associated with delinquency, BPD, gender
confusion.
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Erikson) - Answer 20-40 yrs, good: love, intimate relationships,
commitment. bad: avoidance of commitment, alienation, distancing oneself. Schizoid.
Generativity vs. Stagnation (Erikson) - Answer 40-60 years. favorable resolution results in an
individual capable of being a productive, caring, and contributing member of society. If this
crisis is not overcome, one acquires a sense of stagnation and may become self-indulgent,
bored, and self-centered. Midlife crisis, premature invalidism.
Integrity vs. Despair (Erikson) - Answer 60- death. involves reevaluating what we have done
in our lives. If we feel we have done well we have a sense of integrity, otherwise we experience
gloom and doubt. Extreme alienation, despair.
Confidentiality - Answer The act of holding information in confidence, not to be released to
unauthorized individuals.
Subpoena duces tecum can require docs to give relevant documents to the court.
Permission should be gotten for each piece of info from the same individual.
informed consent - Answer An ethical principle requiring that research participants be told
enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate. Parent must be give IC for
minors unless for VD, pregnancy, substance/etoh, and contagious disease.