Pathophysiology For Nurses I (NSG 3280) Exams 1-4 Complete Review A+ Guides (all in 1 pdf) | 100% updated Latest Summer 26 - Galen

Pathophysiology For Nurses I (NSG 3280) Exams 1-4 Complete
Review A+ Guides (all in 1 pdf) | 100% updated Latest Summer 26 -
Galen.
Exam 1

Chapter 1
Cellular Regulation
 Process by which cells replicate, proliferate, and grow
 Cells- building blocks of life
 Cells age and die
o Theories of aging
Pathophysiology
 Pathos= suffering
o Study and dx of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells, and bodily
fluids.
 Physis= nature
o Study of mechanical, physical, and biochemical function of living things.
 4 interrelated topics: etiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, treatment implications.
 History
o Disease description based on observations of individuals
 Complaints/observable abnormalities
o Resulted in developments of “disorder” bundles, treatments, and screenings.
o Health/ disease is a continuum
Framework of Patho
 Based on common or “classic” presentation of disease in the physiologic functioning of
human beings.
o Humans are considered diverse
Classification of disease
 Idiopathic
o Unknown
 Iatrogenic
o R/t unintended or unwanted medical treatment
 Medical errors
Etiology of disease
 Study of causes or reasons for phenomena
o Identifies causative factors
 Provoking
 Work in tandem/ cumulative
 Multifactorial
 Ex. Cardiac disease
 Causative factor
o A factor that when present will cause a disease
o Strict avoidance (if sole factor)
 Ex. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
 Risk Factor
o A factor that when present increases the likelihood of disease

, o Role in disease prevention
 Ex. Fatty diet---cardiac disease
Risk Factors
 Nonmodifiable
o Ethnicity
o Age
o Family history
 Modifiable
o Being obese
o History of smoking
o Diet
o Alcohol use
o Lifestyle changes
Pathogenesis
 Development or evolution of disease
 Initial stimulus to ultimate expression or manifestations
 Description of how etiologic factors are thought to alter physiologic function and lead to
the development of clinical manifestations that are observed in a particular disorder/
disease.
Manifestations
 Clinical manifestations= signals of a disease
 Signs
o Objective or observed manifestations of disease
 Ex. Lab results
 Symptoms
o Subjective feeling of abnormality in the body
 Nausea, headache
 Specific versus non-specific signs and symptoms.
o Nonspecific- nausea
o Specific- shortness of breath
 Syndromes
o Etiology of signs and symptoms has not yet been determined.
Stages/ course
 Latent period/ incubation period
o Exposure----to first appearance of signs and symptoms.
 Prodromal period
o Early signs and symptoms appear indicating onset of disease
 Often times Non specific
 Acute phase/ “manifestation of disease”
o Disease/ illness reaches its full intensity
 Greatest symptom severity
 Usually specific
 Silent periods/ intermittent latent phases

, o Mild/ disappearing s/s over the course of disease
 Potentially btwn phases
 Ex. Syphilis
Stages/ course
 Sub clinical
o Early, disease process in effect but individual is asymptomatic
o Ex. CKD
 Acute clinical course
o Short lived; may have severe manifestations
o Hours to weeks
 Chronic clinical course
o May be insidious, or may follow an acute phase
o Months to years
 Exacerbation and remission (chronic disease)
 Permanent remission
o Greater than 5 yrs= cured from disease
 Convalescence
o Recovery
Treatment Implications
 Understanding the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical consequences of a particular
disorder/ disease/ illness may determine which treatments could be helpful
o Example---- hypotension with shock
 Septic shock is caused by excessive systemic vasodilation r/t infection
which leads to HoTN
 Give fluids
 Cardiogenic shock is caused by ‘pump failure’ r/t heart disease which
leads HoTN
 Give diuretics
 Patho focuses only on general treatment implications (rather than specifics)
o Heart failure---fluid overload----diuretics
 Specific agent/ dosing/ etc are considered in nursing theory.
Concepts of normality in health and disease
 Compare to what is identified as ‘normal’
o Based on examiners interpretation
 Skin color
 Warmth
 Pulse strength/ regularity
 Motor ability
 Neurological status
 Bowel sounds
o Factually either normal or abnormal
 Bone is broken/ bone is mot broken
 Normal vs. normal variation vs. abnormal

,  One time findings v. trends.
 Individual factors
 Cultural considerations
o Cultures define health and illness in a manner that reflects their experience
o Ex. Chronic diarrhea in an infant
 Endemic chronic diarrhea in an infant in a 3rd world country
 Age differences
o Ex. HR 125 BPM
 Adult with HR 125 vs. infant with HR 125
 Gender differences
o Hct, creatinine
 Situation and time can also be “individualizing factors” for determining normal vs.
abnormal
Factors affecting patterns of disease distribution
 Epidemiology
o Study of the patterns of disease involving populations
o Examining the occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distribution
of diseases in large groups of populations/people
 Types of disease pattern
o Endemic diseases
 Native to a local region
o Epidemic disease
 Spread to many people at the same time
o Pandemic disease
 Spread to large geographic areas.
 Aggregate factors or epidemiologic variables
o Age
o Ethnic group
o Gender
o Socioeconomic factors and lifestyle consideration
o Geographic location
 Levels of prevention
o Primary
 Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible persons
o Secondary
 Early detection, screening, and management of disease
o Tertiary
 Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective
function.