BSN | Anatomy & Physiology II Midterm Examination (Week 24) -
2026 Update
1. Which component of the blood is responsible for initiating the extrinsic
pathway of coagulation?
A. Fibrinogen
B. Hageman Factor (Factor XII)
C. Tissue Factor (Factor III)
D. Calcium ions
Answer: C
Rationale: The extrinsic pathway is triggered by tissue damage which releases Tissue
Factor (Factor III) into the blood.
2. During the cardiac cycle, when does the first heart sound (S1) occur?
A. Beginning of ventricular diastole
B. Closing of the atrioventricular valves
C. Closing of the semilunar valves
D. Opening of the aortic valve
Answer: B
Rationale: The S1 sound (‘lub’) is produced by the turbulence created when the mitral and
tricuspid valves close at the start of ventricular systole.
,3. Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing the rate of erythrocyte
production in response to hypoxia?
A. Erythropoietin
B. Aldosterone
C. Thrombopoietin
D. Cortisol
Answer: A
Rationale: Erythropoietin (EPO) is released by the kidneys when oxygen levels are low to
stimulate the red bone marrow to produce RBCs.
4. A patient with Blood Type AB- can safely receive a transfusion of which
packed red blood cells?
A. Type B-
B. Type A+
C. Type AB+
D. Type O+
Answer: A
Rationale: A person with AB- can receive any ABO type that is Rh-negative (A-, B-, AB-, or
O-).
5. Which layer of the heart wall is composed of cardiac muscle tissue?
A. Epicardium
B. Endocardium
C. Pericardium
D. Myocardium
Answer: D
Rationale: The myocardium is the thick middle layer of the heart wall consisting of cardiac
muscle cells responsible for contraction.
, 6. What is the primary function of the SA node in the heart?
A. To delay the electrical impulse
B. To transmit impulses to the Purkinje fibers
C. To serve as the primary pacemaker
D. To contract the ventricles
Answer: C
Rationale: The Sinoatrial (SA) node initiates the electrical impulse and sets the sinus
rhythm of the heart.
7. According to Frank-Starling’s Law of the Heart, stroke volume increases in
response to:
A. Increased heart rate
B. Decreased venous return
C. Increased end-diastolic volume (EDV)
D. Decreased afterload
Answer: C
Rationale: Frank-Starling’s Law states that the more the heart muscle is stretched
(increased EDV), the more forcefully it will contract, increasing stroke volume.
8. Which of the following would cause a rightward shift in the oxyhemoglobin
dissociation curve?
A. Increased PCO2
B. Increased pH (alkalosis)
C. Decreased temperature
D. Decreased 2,3-BPG
Answer: A
Rationale: Increased PCO2, increased temperature, and decreased pH (acidosis) cause a
right shift, meaning hemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen and releases it more easily.
2026 Update
1. Which component of the blood is responsible for initiating the extrinsic
pathway of coagulation?
A. Fibrinogen
B. Hageman Factor (Factor XII)
C. Tissue Factor (Factor III)
D. Calcium ions
Answer: C
Rationale: The extrinsic pathway is triggered by tissue damage which releases Tissue
Factor (Factor III) into the blood.
2. During the cardiac cycle, when does the first heart sound (S1) occur?
A. Beginning of ventricular diastole
B. Closing of the atrioventricular valves
C. Closing of the semilunar valves
D. Opening of the aortic valve
Answer: B
Rationale: The S1 sound (‘lub’) is produced by the turbulence created when the mitral and
tricuspid valves close at the start of ventricular systole.
,3. Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing the rate of erythrocyte
production in response to hypoxia?
A. Erythropoietin
B. Aldosterone
C. Thrombopoietin
D. Cortisol
Answer: A
Rationale: Erythropoietin (EPO) is released by the kidneys when oxygen levels are low to
stimulate the red bone marrow to produce RBCs.
4. A patient with Blood Type AB- can safely receive a transfusion of which
packed red blood cells?
A. Type B-
B. Type A+
C. Type AB+
D. Type O+
Answer: A
Rationale: A person with AB- can receive any ABO type that is Rh-negative (A-, B-, AB-, or
O-).
5. Which layer of the heart wall is composed of cardiac muscle tissue?
A. Epicardium
B. Endocardium
C. Pericardium
D. Myocardium
Answer: D
Rationale: The myocardium is the thick middle layer of the heart wall consisting of cardiac
muscle cells responsible for contraction.
, 6. What is the primary function of the SA node in the heart?
A. To delay the electrical impulse
B. To transmit impulses to the Purkinje fibers
C. To serve as the primary pacemaker
D. To contract the ventricles
Answer: C
Rationale: The Sinoatrial (SA) node initiates the electrical impulse and sets the sinus
rhythm of the heart.
7. According to Frank-Starling’s Law of the Heart, stroke volume increases in
response to:
A. Increased heart rate
B. Decreased venous return
C. Increased end-diastolic volume (EDV)
D. Decreased afterload
Answer: C
Rationale: Frank-Starling’s Law states that the more the heart muscle is stretched
(increased EDV), the more forcefully it will contract, increasing stroke volume.
8. Which of the following would cause a rightward shift in the oxyhemoglobin
dissociation curve?
A. Increased PCO2
B. Increased pH (alkalosis)
C. Decreased temperature
D. Decreased 2,3-BPG
Answer: A
Rationale: Increased PCO2, increased temperature, and decreased pH (acidosis) cause a
right shift, meaning hemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen and releases it more easily.
