AC-PNCB Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-
2027 Exams Includes Frequently Tested Questions With
ELABORATED 100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update!!
Instant Download Pdf
1. Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) - Correct Answer: pulmonary
barotrauma: tissue injury r/t increased air or water pressure in the body (ie.
ear/otic barotrauma during airplane flights or scuba diving)
2. Vent setting changes to increase oxygenation - Correct Answer:
increase: FiO2, PEEP, PC, iTime
3. Vent setting changes to remove CO2 - Correct Answer: increase: rate, Tv,
PC, PS
decrease: iTime
4. TRALI vs TACO - Correct Answer: TRALI (Transfusion-related acute lung
injury): hypotension and fever, infiltrates on XR
TACO (Transfusion-associated circulatory overload): HTN, edema on XR
5. Radiologic Findings in Heart Disease (x3) - Correct Answer: TOF: boot-
shaped
TGA: egg on a string
, TAPVR: snowman
6. Cardiac Tamponade: SSx, Dx, Tx - Correct Answer: Beck's triad:
Hypotension, JVD (high CVP), muffled heart sounds
Dx: echo
Tx: needle pericardiocentesis
7. Cardiomyopathy: Dx findings - Correct Answer: Echo: decreased CO and
global function
8. Atrial septal defect (ASD): heart sounds - Correct Answer: widely split
fixed S2
9. VSD (ventricular septal defect): heart sounds - Correct Answer:
harsh/regurgitant holosystolic murmur
10.Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR): Dx - Correct
Answer: Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)
11.Coarctation of the aorta (CoA): SSx, Dx - Correct Answer: SSx: ejection
murmur ULSB,
older children: HTN or decreased femoral pulses
Dx: echo, cardiac cath (in stable infant on PGE)
,12.Endocarditis: common pathogens, SSx (x3), Dx (x2), Tx (x2) - Correct
Answer: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae
SSx:
- fever
- Mitral valve vegetation
- septic emboli/thrombi causing Janeway lesions (nontender
palms/soles) & Osler nodes (tender fingers/toes)
Dx: 3 peripheral BCx from different locations in 24-hrs, echo
Tx:
- PCN or Amp + Vanco
- Amp prior to dental work (allergic: Clinda, Azithro)
13.Myocarditis: common pathogens, Dx - Correct Answer: Parvovirus B19,
Coxsackie viruses A and B
Dx: endomyocardial biopsy
14.Pericarditis: cardinal SSx, Tx (x2) - Correct Answer: SSx: pericardial
friction rub
Tx: NSAIDs ATC, colchicine (anti-inflamm, prevents gout)
15.Postpericardiotomy syndrome (PPS): definition, Dx (x3), Tx (x4), c/b -
Correct Answer: Inflammation or effusion of pleura/pericardium 1-2wks
post-op from either damage to myocardium or surgical cardiotomy
, Dx: CBC w/ diff, CRP, ESR
Tx: ASA, NSAIDs 5-7d, Corticosteroids for recurrent or recalcitrant
(uncooperative) cases, diuretics for effusion
c/b: cardiac tamponade
16.Pulmonary hypertension (pHTN): definition, Dx, Tx - Correct Answer: PA
pressure:
>= 25 mmHg at rest (normal 8-20)
>= 30 mmHg exercise
Dx: cardiac cath
Tx: vasodilators ie. iNO, milrinone, sildenafil, PGE
17.Rheumatic fever: definition, Tx (x2), c/b - Correct Answer: post-
infectious complication d/t GroupA Beta-Hemolytic Streptococcus (GABHS)
pharyngitis
Tx: PenG IM Qmonth, Oral PenVK
- amoxicillin, erythromycin
- ASA, steroids, NSAIDs
c/b: endocarditis
2027 Exams Includes Frequently Tested Questions With
ELABORATED 100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update!!
Instant Download Pdf
1. Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) - Correct Answer: pulmonary
barotrauma: tissue injury r/t increased air or water pressure in the body (ie.
ear/otic barotrauma during airplane flights or scuba diving)
2. Vent setting changes to increase oxygenation - Correct Answer:
increase: FiO2, PEEP, PC, iTime
3. Vent setting changes to remove CO2 - Correct Answer: increase: rate, Tv,
PC, PS
decrease: iTime
4. TRALI vs TACO - Correct Answer: TRALI (Transfusion-related acute lung
injury): hypotension and fever, infiltrates on XR
TACO (Transfusion-associated circulatory overload): HTN, edema on XR
5. Radiologic Findings in Heart Disease (x3) - Correct Answer: TOF: boot-
shaped
TGA: egg on a string
, TAPVR: snowman
6. Cardiac Tamponade: SSx, Dx, Tx - Correct Answer: Beck's triad:
Hypotension, JVD (high CVP), muffled heart sounds
Dx: echo
Tx: needle pericardiocentesis
7. Cardiomyopathy: Dx findings - Correct Answer: Echo: decreased CO and
global function
8. Atrial septal defect (ASD): heart sounds - Correct Answer: widely split
fixed S2
9. VSD (ventricular septal defect): heart sounds - Correct Answer:
harsh/regurgitant holosystolic murmur
10.Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR): Dx - Correct
Answer: Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)
11.Coarctation of the aorta (CoA): SSx, Dx - Correct Answer: SSx: ejection
murmur ULSB,
older children: HTN or decreased femoral pulses
Dx: echo, cardiac cath (in stable infant on PGE)
,12.Endocarditis: common pathogens, SSx (x3), Dx (x2), Tx (x2) - Correct
Answer: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae
SSx:
- fever
- Mitral valve vegetation
- septic emboli/thrombi causing Janeway lesions (nontender
palms/soles) & Osler nodes (tender fingers/toes)
Dx: 3 peripheral BCx from different locations in 24-hrs, echo
Tx:
- PCN or Amp + Vanco
- Amp prior to dental work (allergic: Clinda, Azithro)
13.Myocarditis: common pathogens, Dx - Correct Answer: Parvovirus B19,
Coxsackie viruses A and B
Dx: endomyocardial biopsy
14.Pericarditis: cardinal SSx, Tx (x2) - Correct Answer: SSx: pericardial
friction rub
Tx: NSAIDs ATC, colchicine (anti-inflamm, prevents gout)
15.Postpericardiotomy syndrome (PPS): definition, Dx (x3), Tx (x4), c/b -
Correct Answer: Inflammation or effusion of pleura/pericardium 1-2wks
post-op from either damage to myocardium or surgical cardiotomy
, Dx: CBC w/ diff, CRP, ESR
Tx: ASA, NSAIDs 5-7d, Corticosteroids for recurrent or recalcitrant
(uncooperative) cases, diuretics for effusion
c/b: cardiac tamponade
16.Pulmonary hypertension (pHTN): definition, Dx, Tx - Correct Answer: PA
pressure:
>= 25 mmHg at rest (normal 8-20)
>= 30 mmHg exercise
Dx: cardiac cath
Tx: vasodilators ie. iNO, milrinone, sildenafil, PGE
17.Rheumatic fever: definition, Tx (x2), c/b - Correct Answer: post-
infectious complication d/t GroupA Beta-Hemolytic Streptococcus (GABHS)
pharyngitis
Tx: PenG IM Qmonth, Oral PenVK
- amoxicillin, erythromycin
- ASA, steroids, NSAIDs
c/b: endocarditis
