TEST BANK FOR UNDERSTANDING
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, REVESION
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS (Verified
Answers) (Latest Update 2026) UPDATE!!
Eukaryotic cell CORRECT ANSWERS Contains supercoiled DNA and histones.
Nucleus CORRECT ANSWERS Membrane-bound structure housing DNA in
eukaryotes.
Respiration CORRECT ANSWERS Process of absorbing oxygen to produce energy.
Nucleolus CORRECT ANSWERS Region within nucleus containing genetic material.
Integral membrane proteins CORRECT ANSWERS Dissolve bilayer to remove attached
proteins.
Ligands CORRECT ANSWERS Molecules that bind to plasma membrane receptors.
Fibronectin CORRECT ANSWERS Extracellular matrix protein decreased in metastatic
cancer.
Cell junction CORRECT ANSWERS Structure allowing direct communication between
adjacent cells.
Paracrine signaling CORRECT ANSWERS Local chemical mediators affecting nearby
cells.
Enzyme affinity CORRECT ANSWERS High attraction of enzymes to specific
substrates.
Metabolic absorption CORRECT ANSWERS Cellular process of nutrient uptake for
energy.
Cell adhesion molecules CORRECT ANSWERS Proteins that help cells stick to each
other.
Glycoproteins CORRECT ANSWERS Proteins with carbohydrate chains, marking cell
identity.
,Gap junction CORRECT ANSWERS Channels allowing communication between
adjacent cells.
Desmosome CORRECT ANSWERS Structure providing mechanical stability between
cells.
Tight junction CORRECT ANSWERS Barrier preventing leakage between epithelial
cells.
Mitochondria CORRECT ANSWERS Organelles responsible for cellular respiration.
Ribosomes CORRECT ANSWERS Sites of protein synthesis within the cell.
Cytoplasm CORRECT ANSWERS Fluid component of the cell, excluding nucleus.
Collagen CORRECT ANSWERS Structural protein in extracellular matrix, providing
support.
Elastin CORRECT ANSWERS Protein allowing elasticity in tissues.
Alpha cells CORRECT ANSWERS Pancreatic cells that secrete glucagon.
Beta cells CORRECT ANSWERS Pancreatic cells that secrete insulin.
Paracrine signaling CORRECT ANSWERS Local chemical mediators quickly taken up
or destroyed.
Enzyme affinity CORRECT ANSWERS Each enzyme has high affinity for a substrate.
ATP deficiency CORRECT ANSWERS Lack of ATP impairs muscle contraction.
Citric acid cycle CORRECT ANSWERS Phase producing most ATP in catabolism.
Phases of catabolism CORRECT ANSWERS Includes digestion, glycolysis, oxidation,
citric acid cycle.
Anaerobic glycolysis CORRECT ANSWERS Occurs without oxygen for continued
muscle performance.
Diffusion CORRECT ANSWERS Movement of solute from high to low concentration.
Electrolytes CORRECT ANSWERS Electrically charged molecules essential for bodily
functions.
Oncotic pressure CORRECT ANSWERS Determined by concentration of plasma
proteins.
, Hydrostatic pressureCORRECT ANSWERS Force of fluid against a cell membrane.
Active transportCORRECT ANSWERS Movement of molecules against a concentration
gradient.
OsmosisCORRECT ANSWERS Movement of water across a semipermeable
membrane.
GlycolysisCORRECT ANSWERS Initial phase of glucose metabolism producing ATP.
OxidationCORRECT ANSWERS Phase of catabolism involving electron transfer.
Muscle fatigueCORRECT ANSWERS Result of ATP depletion after strenuous exercise.
SubstrateCORRECT ANSWERS Specific substance converted to product by enzyme.
Carbohydrate metabolismCORRECT ANSWERS Process of breaking down
carbohydrates for energy.
Fluid concentrationCORRECT ANSWERS Measured in mOsm/kg for body fluids.
Colloid osmotic pressureCORRECT ANSWERS Another term for oncotic pressure.
Energy transferCORRECT ANSWERS Mechanism by which nutrients convert to ATP.
Solute concentrationCORRECT ANSWERS Refers to the amount of solute in a solution.
Metabolic absorptionCORRECT ANSWERS Process of cells taking in nutrients.
RespirationCORRECT ANSWERS Cellular process of converting nutrients to energy.
OsmolalityCORRECT ANSWERS Concentration of molecules per weight of water.
OsmolarityCORRECT ANSWERS Concentration of molecules per volume of solution.
Osmotic PressureCORRECT ANSWERS Hydrostatic pressure opposing osmotic water
movement.
Oncotic PressureCORRECT ANSWERS Pressure from plasma proteins affecting fluid
movement.
Hydrostatic PressureCORRECT ANSWERS Pressure exerted by fluid in blood vessels.
OsmosisCORRECT ANSWERS Fluid movement from high to low concentration.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, REVESION
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS (Verified
Answers) (Latest Update 2026) UPDATE!!
Eukaryotic cell CORRECT ANSWERS Contains supercoiled DNA and histones.
Nucleus CORRECT ANSWERS Membrane-bound structure housing DNA in
eukaryotes.
Respiration CORRECT ANSWERS Process of absorbing oxygen to produce energy.
Nucleolus CORRECT ANSWERS Region within nucleus containing genetic material.
Integral membrane proteins CORRECT ANSWERS Dissolve bilayer to remove attached
proteins.
Ligands CORRECT ANSWERS Molecules that bind to plasma membrane receptors.
Fibronectin CORRECT ANSWERS Extracellular matrix protein decreased in metastatic
cancer.
Cell junction CORRECT ANSWERS Structure allowing direct communication between
adjacent cells.
Paracrine signaling CORRECT ANSWERS Local chemical mediators affecting nearby
cells.
Enzyme affinity CORRECT ANSWERS High attraction of enzymes to specific
substrates.
Metabolic absorption CORRECT ANSWERS Cellular process of nutrient uptake for
energy.
Cell adhesion molecules CORRECT ANSWERS Proteins that help cells stick to each
other.
Glycoproteins CORRECT ANSWERS Proteins with carbohydrate chains, marking cell
identity.
,Gap junction CORRECT ANSWERS Channels allowing communication between
adjacent cells.
Desmosome CORRECT ANSWERS Structure providing mechanical stability between
cells.
Tight junction CORRECT ANSWERS Barrier preventing leakage between epithelial
cells.
Mitochondria CORRECT ANSWERS Organelles responsible for cellular respiration.
Ribosomes CORRECT ANSWERS Sites of protein synthesis within the cell.
Cytoplasm CORRECT ANSWERS Fluid component of the cell, excluding nucleus.
Collagen CORRECT ANSWERS Structural protein in extracellular matrix, providing
support.
Elastin CORRECT ANSWERS Protein allowing elasticity in tissues.
Alpha cells CORRECT ANSWERS Pancreatic cells that secrete glucagon.
Beta cells CORRECT ANSWERS Pancreatic cells that secrete insulin.
Paracrine signaling CORRECT ANSWERS Local chemical mediators quickly taken up
or destroyed.
Enzyme affinity CORRECT ANSWERS Each enzyme has high affinity for a substrate.
ATP deficiency CORRECT ANSWERS Lack of ATP impairs muscle contraction.
Citric acid cycle CORRECT ANSWERS Phase producing most ATP in catabolism.
Phases of catabolism CORRECT ANSWERS Includes digestion, glycolysis, oxidation,
citric acid cycle.
Anaerobic glycolysis CORRECT ANSWERS Occurs without oxygen for continued
muscle performance.
Diffusion CORRECT ANSWERS Movement of solute from high to low concentration.
Electrolytes CORRECT ANSWERS Electrically charged molecules essential for bodily
functions.
Oncotic pressure CORRECT ANSWERS Determined by concentration of plasma
proteins.
, Hydrostatic pressureCORRECT ANSWERS Force of fluid against a cell membrane.
Active transportCORRECT ANSWERS Movement of molecules against a concentration
gradient.
OsmosisCORRECT ANSWERS Movement of water across a semipermeable
membrane.
GlycolysisCORRECT ANSWERS Initial phase of glucose metabolism producing ATP.
OxidationCORRECT ANSWERS Phase of catabolism involving electron transfer.
Muscle fatigueCORRECT ANSWERS Result of ATP depletion after strenuous exercise.
SubstrateCORRECT ANSWERS Specific substance converted to product by enzyme.
Carbohydrate metabolismCORRECT ANSWERS Process of breaking down
carbohydrates for energy.
Fluid concentrationCORRECT ANSWERS Measured in mOsm/kg for body fluids.
Colloid osmotic pressureCORRECT ANSWERS Another term for oncotic pressure.
Energy transferCORRECT ANSWERS Mechanism by which nutrients convert to ATP.
Solute concentrationCORRECT ANSWERS Refers to the amount of solute in a solution.
Metabolic absorptionCORRECT ANSWERS Process of cells taking in nutrients.
RespirationCORRECT ANSWERS Cellular process of converting nutrients to energy.
OsmolalityCORRECT ANSWERS Concentration of molecules per weight of water.
OsmolarityCORRECT ANSWERS Concentration of molecules per volume of solution.
Osmotic PressureCORRECT ANSWERS Hydrostatic pressure opposing osmotic water
movement.
Oncotic PressureCORRECT ANSWERS Pressure from plasma proteins affecting fluid
movement.
Hydrostatic PressureCORRECT ANSWERS Pressure exerted by fluid in blood vessels.
OsmosisCORRECT ANSWERS Fluid movement from high to low concentration.
