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Government budget notes

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These neatly handwritten notes cover the complete chapter "Government Budget and the Economy" as per the latest CBSE Class 12 Economics syllabus. The notes include clear explanations of all important concepts such as revenue receipts, capital receipts, revenue expenditure, capital expenditure, budget deficits, fiscal policy, balanced budget, surplus budget, and deficit budget. Features: Easy-to-understand language Well-organized and exam-oriented content Important definitions and key points highlighted Suitable for CBSE board exam preparation Quick revision material for tests and examinations Prepared from NCERT and classroom learning Perfect for Class 12 students looking for concise and effective study material to improve their understanding and exam performance. Subject: Economics Chapter: Government Budget and the Economy Format: Handwritten Notes Class: 12 (CBSE)

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G ov e r n m e n t b u d g e t
It is a n a n n u a l s t a te m e n t s h o w in g
I t e m - w is e E s t im a te s o f r e ci e b t s
a n d E x p e n d i t u r e d u r in g a f i s c a l y e a r
o b j e c t iv e s o f
G o u n . B u d g e t . → t a x c o n c e s s io n o n K h a d i } t a x m in i m i z e
• s u b s id ie s o n 2 P a c y l in d e r s
1) R e a l l o c a tio n of r e s o u r ce s : t h ro u g h it s b u d g e t a r y
/ > t a x c o n s e s s io n s & s u b s id i e s • im p o s i n g h e a v y t a x e s o n l i g g e r a t e s } im p o s e s
p o l ic i e s g ou n . a im s t o R e a l l o c a te r e s o u rc e s • 11 11 11 on li q u o r s t a x
I .↳ p r o d u cin g g l s . P u b l ic g o o d s p r od u ce d by g ou n . ~ n ow - e x cl u d a b l e , t o - Pu b l ic p a r k s
in a c c o r d a n c e w it h s o c ia l s e c o n o m ic a l be n e d i T h e s e c a n b e
↳ n o n - r iv a l r o u s e n j o y e d b y " f r e e r id e r s " • w a te r su p p l y
p r iv a t e g oo d s → p r od u ce d b y P r i v a te ◦ s a n it a t i o n
2) R e d u c i n g I n c o m e in e q u a l i t i e s : T h r o u g h I t 's b u d g e t a r y _ , h o u n . a im s t o
s e c to r > e xc l u d a b l e t h e s e a r e e n jo y e d b y → E x - ch o c o l a t e s
p o l ic i e s , g o u n . r e d u c e s I n c o m e in e q u a l i t ie s in a r a s In f l u e n c e in c o m e → i m p o s in g t a x on r ic h o r iv a l r o u s p e o p l e w h o p a y for t h e m .
e q u a l it y b e • cl o t h e s
3 ) E c o n o m ic s t a b i lit y : m e a n s a b s e n ce o f la r g e g i v in g s u b s id i e s t o p o o r • c a r s
s c a l e f l u c t u a t io n in g e n e r a l p r ic e s o f → M e a t io n → w h en a g g . d e m a n d > a g g . s u p p l y → T h is m e a n s t h a t p e o p l e
h a ve m on e y a n d g o u n . c a n b r in g d o w n
c o m m o d i t ie s ↳ D e f l a t io n → w h en a g g . su p p l y > a g g . d em a n d it 's o w n e x p e n d i ture t o r e d u c e a g g . d e m a n d .
4) Eco n o m ic G r o w th : m e a n s a s u s t a in a b l e m o n e a s e → g o u n . g iv i n g o u t i n c e n t i v e s & r e b a te s ↳ t h is m e a n s t h a t p e op l e
in t h e re a l g d p of t h e e c on o m y i.e . a n fo r f u t ur e p r o d u c t iv e v e n t u r e s s p r o j e c t s d o n o t h a v e m on e y a n d g o u n . c a n i n cr e a s e
m a r e a s e in t h e v o lu m e of g o o d s & s e r v ic e s
g o u n . s p e n d in g o n i n f r a s tr u c t u r e . it ' s e x p e n d i t u re I g i v e t a x c o n c e s s io n s &
5) R e d u ci n g R e g ion a l D i s p a r it ie s : en c o u r a g in g s u b s id ie s t o p e o p l e , a n d m a in t a in s t a b i l it y
s e t t in g u p of p r o d u c t io n u n it s in e c o n o m ic a l l y - > S E Z S t o b e s e t u p .
b a c k w a r d a r e a s .
6) m a n a g em en t o f p u b l ic E n te r p r is e s : B u d g e t
is p r e p a r e d f o r m a n a g in g n a t u r a l
m o n o p o l ie s a n d p r o v id e s t h e m f in a n c i a l h e lp .

7) E m p l o y e m e n t ten e r a t io n -
p ro m o t e s E m p l o y e m en t .
C O M P O N E N T S O F B U D G E T
1) R e v e n u e B u d g e t : s t a te m e n t o f e s t im a t e d R e v e n u e
R e c ie p t s a n d R e v e n u e E x p e n d it u r e s .
2 ) C a p it a l B u d g e t : s t a te m e n t of e s t im a t e d c a p it a l
R e c ie p t s a n d c a p it a l E x p e n d it u r e s .
B U D G E T R E C IE P T S

R e v e n u e B u d g e t R e c ie c a p it a l p t s
> De b t cr e a t in g c a p it a l R e c ie p t s
•T h os e re c ei p t s w h ic h n ie th er •t h o s e r e c i e b t s w h ic h e it h e r
w e a le a n y l ia b il it i e s n o r c r e a t e s a l ia b i l i t e s o r ca u ses ] T Y P E S
c a u se a re d u c t i o n in a s se t . a r e d u c t io n in a s s e t s N o n - D e b t cr e a t in g c a p it a l R e c ie p t s
• re g u l a r s r e c u rr i n g in • ir r e g u l a r s n o n - r e c u r r in g
n a t u r e . in n a t u r e
S O U R C E S s o u r c e s

T a x R e v en u e N o n - t a x R e c ov e r y
• su m t o t a l of re c e p t s R e v e n u e B o r r o w in g s o f
from t a xe s a n d o th e r • In te r e s t
l o a n s
d u t ie s . • P r o f it s o th e r
• f e e s r e ci e b t s
D ir e c t
a n d in e t • L ic e n s e s e e a ) D i s in v e s t e m e n t :
• pim p o s e d o n mp o r o h p e a n r , t

t f • b u r d e n c a n • f in e s & p e n a l t ie s a c t o f s e l l in g a p a r t
a n d m o r e o f a n or w h a le of sh a r e s o f
b e s h if te d . • E s c h e a t s
in d iv id u a l s s e l e c te d P S U .
b o r n e b y f in a l • G if t s & G r a n t s
co m p a n ie s . b) s m a l l s a v in g s :
u s e r . ◦ f o r f ic t u r e s
◦ s p e c ia l A s s e s sm en t s f u n d s r a is e d b y
t h e P u b l ic .
B U D G E T E X P E N D IT U R E

R e v e n u e E x p e n d it u re s c a p it a l E x p e n d it ure s
◦ w h i c h n ie t h e r c r e a t e s a n y
• w h ic h e i t h e r cr e a te s a n a s s e t
a s s e t n o r c a u s e s a re d u c t io n o r c a u s e s a r e d u c t io n in
in l i a b il i t y .
l ia b il i t y .
• R e c u r r in g
• in c u r r e d o n n o r m a l • n o n - r e c u r r in g
◦ E x - pa y m en t o f s a l a r ie s • a d d s t o c a p it a l s t o c k
p e n s io n s , i n t e r e s t s E x - L o a n t o st a te s ,
p a y m en t o f l o a n
B A L A N C E D , S U R P L U S A N D D E F IC IT
B U D G E T
1) B a l a n c e d B u d g e t : e s t im a t e d g o u n . r e c l e p t s
= e s t im a t e d g o u n . e x p e n d i t u r e
◦ s h o w s f i n a n c i a l s t a b i l i t y in t h e c o u n tr y .
• in d i c a t e s g o u n . is n 't in d u l g in g in
w a s te f u l a c t iv i t i e s .
2 ) S u r p l u s B u d g e t : e s t im a t e d g o u n . R e c i e p t s >
e s t im a t e d g o u n . E x p e n d i t u r e .
• m o r e m o n e y is t a k e n a w a y b y g o u n .
r a th er t h a n in j e c t i n g I t in t h e
e c on o m y .
• t h is w o r s e n s t h e s it u a t i o n o f D e f l a t io n .
3 ) D e f i c it B u d g e t : e s t im a te d g o u n .
R e c ie p ts < e s t im a t e d g ov er n m en t
e x p e n d it u re .
• D e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r ie s g en e r a l l y h a v e
t h is b u d g e t .
◦ h e lp s t o i n c r e a s e t h e a g g r e g a t e
d e m a n d , T o c o n tr o l d e f l a t io n .
◦ It m ig h t c a u s e I n f l a t io n a r y g a p .
M E A S U R E S O F G O U N . D E F IC IT
• B u d g e t a r y d e f ic it is t h e e x c e s s o f
t o t a l e s t im a t e d E x p e n d it u r e o v e r
t o t a l e s t im a t e d R e c ie p t s .
◦ B u d g e t a r y D e f ic it = T o t a l e x p e n d it u r e -
T ot a l R e c ie p t s .

R e v en u e f is c a l P r im a r y
D e f ic it D e f ic i t D e f ic it
◦ r e f e r s t o d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n f is c a l
e x c e s s o f t o t a l e s t im a t e d re fer s t o t h e e x c e s s o f t o t a l d e f ic i t o f t h e cu r re n t y e a r a n d
R e v en u e E x p e n d i tu re o v e r E x p e n d it u r e s o v er t o t a l r e c ie p t s t o t a l i n ter e s t p a y m en t s o n t h e p r e v io u s
t ot a l e st im a t e d r e v e n u e ( e x c l u d in g b o r r o w in g s ) . b o r ro w in g s . ◦ p rim a r y d e f ic i t ⇒
R e c ie p t s f is c a l d e f ic i t - I n t e r e s t
• f is c a l d e f i c it = T o t a l + ✗ p e n d i t u r e - p a y m e n t s
T o t a l R e c ie p t s E x c lu d i n g b o r r o w in g s
• R e v en u e De f ici t =
↳ a s R e v en R e c e u e ip t s i m p l ic a t io n s
R e v e n u e E x p .- R e v e n u e Re c . ( II) c a p it a l R e c ie p t s E x c l u d in g
◦ It m d ic a t e s , h o w m u ch o f t h e
✓ B or r o w in g s
R e v e n u e d e f ic it s h ow s t h a t ↳ N o n - d e b t cr e a t in g g ow n . b o r r o w in g s a r e g o in g t o m e e t
G o v e r n m e n t 's o w n R e v e n u e R e c ie p t s E x p e n s e s o t h e r t h a n t h e in t e r e s t
is in s u f f ic ie n t t o m e e t t h e p a y m e n t s .
E x p e n d it u re o n n o rm a l f u n c t in g p l M ic a t i o n s
1. ) D e b t t r a p : f is c a l d e f i c it i n d ic a te s t h e t o t a l ◦ t h e a m o u n t o f f is c a l d e s i c it -
of g ov er n m e n t d e p a r tm e n t s , i n t e r e s t p a y m e n t s s h o w s t h e a m o u n t
a n d p r o v is io n s f o r v a r io u s b o r r o w in g r e q u ir em en t s of t h e g ov er n m en t . r e p a y em en t
n o t o n l y in v o l v e s p r in c i p l e a m o u n t b u t a l s o o f i n t e r e s t p a y m e n t s o n t h e b o r r o w in g s
s e r v ic e s .
i n t e r e s t . In t e r e st p a y m en t In cr e a se s t h e R e v e n u e m a d e i n t h e p a s t .
im p l ic a t io n E x p e n d it u r e c a u s in g R e v e n u e D e f i c i t . It c a u s e s
• in a b il it y o f g o v e r n m e n t t o m e e t f is c a l d e f ic i t a n d r e v e n u e d e f i c i t , w h e r ie n W H A T H A P P E N S W H E N
It 's r e g u l a r & R e c u r r i n g E x p . g ou n . t a k e s m o r e l o a n s t o re p a y t h e m . P R IM A R Y D E F IC IT = 0
a n d t h e c o u n t r y is st u c k in d e b t tr a p . w e kn ow p r im a r y d e f ic it = f i s c a l d e f i c i t - I n t e r e s t p a y m e n t s
• im p l ie s t h a t G o u n . is if p r im a r y de f ic it = 0 , t h en
d is s a v in g 2 .) i n f l a t i o n : G o u n . m a in l y b o r r o w s fr o m 0 = f . D - 1. P
R B I t o m e e t it is f is c a l d e f ic it re q u ir e m e n ts ◦ F .D = 1. P
◦ le a d s t o c a p it a l r e c ie p t
R B I p r in t s n e w cu rr e n c y t o m ee t i t 's d e f i c it It m e a n s t h a t
g ou n . h a s to b or ro w o n l y on t h e
f o r m a t io n . r e q u ir e m e n t s . it m c n e a se s t h e m o n e y su p p ly - a c c ou n t o f i n te r e s t pa y e m e n t s .
• H ig h R e v e n u e d e f ic i t is /w h ich le a d s t o i n cr e a se in g en er a l p r ic e s
a w a r n in g t o n o u n . c re a t i n g in fl a t io n a r y pr e s s u re .
6
3 .) H a m p e r s f u t u r e g r ow t h • B o rr o w in g i n cr e a s e s t h e
f in a n c i a l b u rd e n f o r f u tu r e g en er a t io n s .

4 .) F o r r ie g u D e p e n d e n c e : G ou n . a lso bo rrow s f r om t h e
r e s t of t h e w o rld ,w h i c h r a is e s it is f o r e i g n
d e p en d en c e .
S O U R C E S O F _ IN A N C IN G F IS C A L
D E F IC I T
1. ) B o r r o w i n g s : f i s c a l de f ic i t c a n b e m e t b y
b o r r o w in g f r o m t h e i n ter n a l s o u r c e s ( P u b l ic , c o m m e r c i
- a l ba n k ) or e x t er n a l s o u rc e s ( for ie g u g ou n ,
i n t e r n a t io n a l o rg a n is a t io n s .
2 ) D e f i c it f i n a n c in g : G o u n . m a y b or r o w f r o m R B I
a g a i n s t it 's s e c u r it ie s t o m ee t t h e f is c a l d e f i c i t .
R B I is s u e s n e w cu r re n c y f o r t h is pu r p o s e .
T h is p r o c e s s is k n o w n a s d e f i c i t f i n a n c in g
◦ B o r r o w in g s a r e c o n s id e r e d m o r e s a fe a s
It d o e s n o t in c r e a se t h e m o n e y su p p l y , w h ic h
i s re g a r d e d a s t h e m a in s o u r c e o f in f e c t io n .

F O R M U L A S A T A G IA N K E

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