BIO-322 Final Exam Study Guide Questions With Complete
Solutions
3 types of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders)
Correct Answers 1. chronic bronchitis
2. emphysema
3. asthma
Acromegaly Correct Answers what is it?:
-over production of growth hormone, normally resulting in a
noncancerous tumor
s/s:
-swelling, skin thickening, tissue growth & bone enlargement in
face, hands & feet
Acute Pyelonephritis Correct Answers etiology:
-infection associated urinary obstruction or urine reflux from
bladder
pathophysiology:
-bacterial invasion
clinical manifestations:
-fever, chills, flank/groin pain, frequency, dysuria
testing:
-culture, urinalysis, s/s, +/- WBC casts, +/- blood culture,
imaging
Acute Renal Failure Correct Answers etiology:
,-decreased blood flow to kidneys due to conditions like
hemorrhagic or surgical shock, embolism, CHF, dehydration
pathophysiology:
-Kidneys aren't able to filter the blood of waste products
-urea remains in the blood, which gets converted to ammonia,
which leads to toxicity
clinical manifestations:
-decreased urine output
-fluid retention which causes edema
-drowsiness, SOB, fatigue, confusion, nausea, seizures, chest
pain/pressure
Adrenal Cortex Hyperfunction Correct Answers etiology:
-adrenal gland tumor
-excessive stimulation of gland
pathophysiology:
-when certain hormones are overproduced, they cause different
diseases. (cushing's syndrome due to too much cortisol
production)
clinical manifestations:
-vary on the hormone
Adrenal Hypofunction disorders (Addison's Disease) Correct
Answers etiology:
-autoimmune
-infection in developing countries (TB is the MCC)
,-metastasis (seeding of cancer cells from elsewhere in the body,
especially lung) into the adrenal glands
-waterhouse (Friderichsen Syndrome aka hemorrhagic
adrenalitis)= adrenal gland failure due to bleeding into adrenal
glands
pathophysiology:
-decreased adrenal function due to decreased glucocorticoids
(cortisol) and mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) and increased
ACTH
clinical manifestations:
-electrolyte/glucose imbalances= weakness/fatigue,
hypoglycemia, hypotension, N/V
-hyperpigmentation of the skin
-addisonian crisis= severe acute adrenal insufficiency (low BP,
low glucose, hyperkalemia)
Testing:
-ACTH, ACTH Stimulation test (inject ACTH and check
Cortisol levels), CT/MRI
Adrenal Medulla Hyperfunction (Pheochromocytoma) Correct
Answers etiology:
-hormone malfunction
-idiopathic
pathophysiology:
-rare tumor of adrenal medulla with excess secretion of
catecholamines (epi & norepi)
, -10% malignant; spread to lungs, liver, bones, lymph nodes
around aorta
clinical manifestations:
-episodic HTN due to exercise, too much tyrosine found in aged
cheese, red wine, beer, yogurt, etc.
-diaphoresis, episodic HA, tachycardia
-anxiety, chest/abd. pain, pallor, hyperglycemia, weight loss
Alzheimer's Disease Correct Answers etiology:
-suspected genes (chromosome 21)
-family Hx
clinical manifestations:
-amyloid plaques
-neurofibrillary tangles
-problems with memory, judgement, behavior, & reasoning
-increased with incidences of head trauma, low education, &
Down's syndrome
pathophysiology:
-progressive destruction of the brain (amyloid plaques &
neurofibrillary tangles)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Correct Answers
etiology:
-idiopathic
-genetic
-possibly excess glutamate levels (induces neurotoxicity)
pathophysiology:
Solutions
3 types of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders)
Correct Answers 1. chronic bronchitis
2. emphysema
3. asthma
Acromegaly Correct Answers what is it?:
-over production of growth hormone, normally resulting in a
noncancerous tumor
s/s:
-swelling, skin thickening, tissue growth & bone enlargement in
face, hands & feet
Acute Pyelonephritis Correct Answers etiology:
-infection associated urinary obstruction or urine reflux from
bladder
pathophysiology:
-bacterial invasion
clinical manifestations:
-fever, chills, flank/groin pain, frequency, dysuria
testing:
-culture, urinalysis, s/s, +/- WBC casts, +/- blood culture,
imaging
Acute Renal Failure Correct Answers etiology:
,-decreased blood flow to kidneys due to conditions like
hemorrhagic or surgical shock, embolism, CHF, dehydration
pathophysiology:
-Kidneys aren't able to filter the blood of waste products
-urea remains in the blood, which gets converted to ammonia,
which leads to toxicity
clinical manifestations:
-decreased urine output
-fluid retention which causes edema
-drowsiness, SOB, fatigue, confusion, nausea, seizures, chest
pain/pressure
Adrenal Cortex Hyperfunction Correct Answers etiology:
-adrenal gland tumor
-excessive stimulation of gland
pathophysiology:
-when certain hormones are overproduced, they cause different
diseases. (cushing's syndrome due to too much cortisol
production)
clinical manifestations:
-vary on the hormone
Adrenal Hypofunction disorders (Addison's Disease) Correct
Answers etiology:
-autoimmune
-infection in developing countries (TB is the MCC)
,-metastasis (seeding of cancer cells from elsewhere in the body,
especially lung) into the adrenal glands
-waterhouse (Friderichsen Syndrome aka hemorrhagic
adrenalitis)= adrenal gland failure due to bleeding into adrenal
glands
pathophysiology:
-decreased adrenal function due to decreased glucocorticoids
(cortisol) and mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) and increased
ACTH
clinical manifestations:
-electrolyte/glucose imbalances= weakness/fatigue,
hypoglycemia, hypotension, N/V
-hyperpigmentation of the skin
-addisonian crisis= severe acute adrenal insufficiency (low BP,
low glucose, hyperkalemia)
Testing:
-ACTH, ACTH Stimulation test (inject ACTH and check
Cortisol levels), CT/MRI
Adrenal Medulla Hyperfunction (Pheochromocytoma) Correct
Answers etiology:
-hormone malfunction
-idiopathic
pathophysiology:
-rare tumor of adrenal medulla with excess secretion of
catecholamines (epi & norepi)
, -10% malignant; spread to lungs, liver, bones, lymph nodes
around aorta
clinical manifestations:
-episodic HTN due to exercise, too much tyrosine found in aged
cheese, red wine, beer, yogurt, etc.
-diaphoresis, episodic HA, tachycardia
-anxiety, chest/abd. pain, pallor, hyperglycemia, weight loss
Alzheimer's Disease Correct Answers etiology:
-suspected genes (chromosome 21)
-family Hx
clinical manifestations:
-amyloid plaques
-neurofibrillary tangles
-problems with memory, judgement, behavior, & reasoning
-increased with incidences of head trauma, low education, &
Down's syndrome
pathophysiology:
-progressive destruction of the brain (amyloid plaques &
neurofibrillary tangles)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Correct Answers
etiology:
-idiopathic
-genetic
-possibly excess glutamate levels (induces neurotoxicity)
pathophysiology:
