Bio 322 exam 1 (plouviez)/ Biol 322 Exam 1 Ques ons
and Answers 100% Solved/BIO 322 Exam 1
In 1980: ______ introduces the concept of "biological diversity"
Lovejoy
In 1980: ______ & ______ presented a combina!on of two related concepts called both
ecological and gene!c diversity.
Norse & McManus
number of species in a community of organisms
ecological diversity
total number of gene!c characteris!cs in the gene!c makeup of a species
gene!c diversity
calico cats are an example of...
gene!c diversity
*only females have spots, NOT males*
In 1985: _____ stated "biodiversity" as a synonym for "biological diversity"
Rosen
In 1986: Norse et al.: 3 levels of biological diversity:
1) ??
2)??
3)??
1) gene!c diversity (within species)
2) species diversity
3) ecological (community) diversity
number of species and abundance of species in a given community is....
,species diversity
Ecological (community) diversity changed in 1992 to ______ diversity
ecosystem
number of ecosystems within a geographical loca!on (and its overall impact on human and the
environment)
ecosystem diversity
Which is most specific: ecosystem diversity, species diversity, or gene!c diversity?
gene!c diversity
*ecosystem diversity is most broad*
*order: ecosystem diversity-->species diversity-->gene c diversity*
variety of life across all of the different levels of biological organiza!on (from the molecules to
the ecosystem)
biodiversity
___ million species have been formally described
2
Es!mates: ______ millions of eukaryote species
5-30
difference? unknown or unnamed species
which species is most diverse?
insects (approx. 950,000)
prokaryotes are LEAST diverse
number of different species present in an area
species richness
Quan!fying species richness can be problema!c when in...
,LARGE AREAS.
solu on=take a sub-sample-->extrapolate
species richness is affected by _____
sampling size (posi!ve rela!onship)
species richness is affected by _____
habitat heterogeneity
_______ increases species richness then 1) niche number increases and 2) coloniza!on of new
species
heterogeneity
______heterogeneity (richness decreases) then 1) niches are too small and 2) popula!on size
decrease and 3) ______ of species in the area
too much
ex!nc!on
2 ways to quan!fy species richness:
-sampling distribu!on of quadrats
-transect
The quadrat posi on are chosen randomly or they are placed along a transect. A transect is a
line placed across a community of organisms. The popula on of each quadrat must be known
exactly. Species must be dis nguishable from each other, even if they have to be iden fied at
a later date
3 ways of sampling distribu!on of quadrats:
-even spaced
-random (chance)
-zoned (clustered)
General la!tudinal pa=ern:
-increasing species richness from the pole to the equator
-changes are not constant over la!tude
, -excep!on to the general pa=ern: conifers
ancient pa7ern strengthened signal
Process and explana!on of the la!tudinal gradient:
-tropic environmental condi!ons are more stable (b/c warmer in the tropics and climate
condi!ons are more extreme towards the poles)
-tropic biomes are older
-tropic area is larger
-tropics have higher primary produc!vity (carbon)
can ALL lead to higher specia!on (more specialized)? Less ex!nc!on? Limited dispersal?
rela!ve abundance of the different species in an area
species evenness
The taxonomic relatedness between different organisms in a community is...
taxonomic dis!nctness
______ are the direct and indirect contribu!ons of ecosystems to human well-being
ecosystem services
what are the four ecosystem services?
provisioning, regula!ng, cultural, suppor!ng
goods produced or provided by ecosystems (food, fuel wood, fiber, !mber)
provisioning services
benefits from regula!on of ecosystem processes (water par!!oning, pest regula!on, climate
regula!on, pollina!on)
regula!ng services
nonmaterial benefits from ecosystems (spiritual, recrea!onal, aesthe!c, educa!onal)
cultural services
factors necessary for producing ecosystem services (hydrological cycle, soil forma!on, nutrient
cycling, primary produc!on)
support services
and Answers 100% Solved/BIO 322 Exam 1
In 1980: ______ introduces the concept of "biological diversity"
Lovejoy
In 1980: ______ & ______ presented a combina!on of two related concepts called both
ecological and gene!c diversity.
Norse & McManus
number of species in a community of organisms
ecological diversity
total number of gene!c characteris!cs in the gene!c makeup of a species
gene!c diversity
calico cats are an example of...
gene!c diversity
*only females have spots, NOT males*
In 1985: _____ stated "biodiversity" as a synonym for "biological diversity"
Rosen
In 1986: Norse et al.: 3 levels of biological diversity:
1) ??
2)??
3)??
1) gene!c diversity (within species)
2) species diversity
3) ecological (community) diversity
number of species and abundance of species in a given community is....
,species diversity
Ecological (community) diversity changed in 1992 to ______ diversity
ecosystem
number of ecosystems within a geographical loca!on (and its overall impact on human and the
environment)
ecosystem diversity
Which is most specific: ecosystem diversity, species diversity, or gene!c diversity?
gene!c diversity
*ecosystem diversity is most broad*
*order: ecosystem diversity-->species diversity-->gene c diversity*
variety of life across all of the different levels of biological organiza!on (from the molecules to
the ecosystem)
biodiversity
___ million species have been formally described
2
Es!mates: ______ millions of eukaryote species
5-30
difference? unknown or unnamed species
which species is most diverse?
insects (approx. 950,000)
prokaryotes are LEAST diverse
number of different species present in an area
species richness
Quan!fying species richness can be problema!c when in...
,LARGE AREAS.
solu on=take a sub-sample-->extrapolate
species richness is affected by _____
sampling size (posi!ve rela!onship)
species richness is affected by _____
habitat heterogeneity
_______ increases species richness then 1) niche number increases and 2) coloniza!on of new
species
heterogeneity
______heterogeneity (richness decreases) then 1) niches are too small and 2) popula!on size
decrease and 3) ______ of species in the area
too much
ex!nc!on
2 ways to quan!fy species richness:
-sampling distribu!on of quadrats
-transect
The quadrat posi on are chosen randomly or they are placed along a transect. A transect is a
line placed across a community of organisms. The popula on of each quadrat must be known
exactly. Species must be dis nguishable from each other, even if they have to be iden fied at
a later date
3 ways of sampling distribu!on of quadrats:
-even spaced
-random (chance)
-zoned (clustered)
General la!tudinal pa=ern:
-increasing species richness from the pole to the equator
-changes are not constant over la!tude
, -excep!on to the general pa=ern: conifers
ancient pa7ern strengthened signal
Process and explana!on of the la!tudinal gradient:
-tropic environmental condi!ons are more stable (b/c warmer in the tropics and climate
condi!ons are more extreme towards the poles)
-tropic biomes are older
-tropic area is larger
-tropics have higher primary produc!vity (carbon)
can ALL lead to higher specia!on (more specialized)? Less ex!nc!on? Limited dispersal?
rela!ve abundance of the different species in an area
species evenness
The taxonomic relatedness between different organisms in a community is...
taxonomic dis!nctness
______ are the direct and indirect contribu!ons of ecosystems to human well-being
ecosystem services
what are the four ecosystem services?
provisioning, regula!ng, cultural, suppor!ng
goods produced or provided by ecosystems (food, fuel wood, fiber, !mber)
provisioning services
benefits from regula!on of ecosystem processes (water par!!oning, pest regula!on, climate
regula!on, pollina!on)
regula!ng services
nonmaterial benefits from ecosystems (spiritual, recrea!onal, aesthe!c, educa!onal)
cultural services
factors necessary for producing ecosystem services (hydrological cycle, soil forma!on, nutrient
cycling, primary produc!on)
support services
