Pathophysiology Final Exam Review -
Multiple Choice exam Q & As (Verified
Answers) 2026
A 25 year old female with type 1 diabetes mellitus presents to an outpatient medical clinic complaining
of thirst, frequent urination, and weakness. She feels "lightheaded" when she stands. Because of nausea
and vomiting after a meal in a restauraunt the previous day, she stopped eating and taking her insulin.
On examination, she is dehydrated and hypotensive. Her breathing is rapid and deep. Considering this
patient's case, dehydration and hypotension are __________ of her clinical disorder; her thirst, frequent
urination, and weakness are _________ of her endocrine imbalance.
A. signs, sequelae
B. symptoms, signs
C. signs, symptoms
D. sequelae, signs
E. sequalae, symptoms - CORRECT ANSWERS C. signs, symptoms
Normal reference laboratory values:
A. are always tightly controlled with a narrow range
B. are fixed values that do not vary within individuals
C. are always loosely controlled within a wide range
D. may differ from one population to another
E. apply only to healthy adults - CORRECT ANSWERS D. may differ from one population to
another
All of the following are considered to be single gene autosomal recessive disorders except:
,A. Phenylketonuria
B. Neurofibromatosis
C. Tay-Sachs Disease
D. Cystic Fibrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS B. Neurofibromatosis
An individual born with Cystic Fibrosis has:
A. a loss of spinal motor neurons
B. an abnormal development of the Basal Ganglia
C. a deficiency of the enzyme Phenylalanine Hydroxylase
D. an extra copy of Chromosome 21
E. an abnormal accumulation of Viscid Mucus in the Bronchi - CORRECT ANSWERS E. an
abnormal accumulation of Viscid Mucus in the Bronchi
Klinefelter Syndrome results from an absence of all or part of the X Chromosome, whereas Turner
Syndrome results from one or more additional X chromosomes in excess of the normal XY chromosomal
complement
A. True
B. False - CORRECT ANSWERS B. False
An environmental agent that produces abnormalities during embryonic development is known as a
_________
A. Mitogen
B. Cytokine
,C. Kinin
D. Teratogen
E. Growth Factor - CORRECT ANSWERS D. Teratogen
Which of the following Leukocytes is the first cell recruited to an acute inflammatory site?
A. Neutrophil
B. Esinophil
C. Basophil
D. Macrophage - CORRECT ANSWERS A. Neutrophil
Which of the following of Stages of Fever is clinically defined by the initiation of sweating?
A. Flush
B. Chill
C. Defervescence
D. Prodromal Period - CORRECT ANSWERS C. Defervescence
Which of the following most accurately describes the effect that Hypoxia has on a cell?
A. Hypoxia stimulates aerobic metabolism, increasing the cellular ATP production
B. Hypoxia impairs the function of the Na+/K+ -ATPase pump, which leads to an increase in intracellular
[Na+] and [H2O], and a decrease in intracellular [K+]
C. Hypoxia induces an increase in cellular pH as the cell reverts to anaerobic metabolism, yielding lactic
acid
C. Hypoxia impairs the function of the Na+/K+ -ATPase pump, which leads to a decrease in intracellular
[Na+] and [H2O], and a increase in intracellular [K+]
, E. Hypoxia has no effect on the cell - CORRECT ANSWERS B. Hypoxia impairs the function
of the Na+/K+ -ATPase pump, which leads to an increase in intracellular [Na+] and [H2O], and a decrease
in intracellular [K+]
Which of the following cells play a role in Chronic Inflammation?
A. Macrophages
B. Lymphocytes
C. Neutrophils
D. A and B are correct
E. A, B and C are correct - CORRECT ANSWERS D. A and B are correct
Metastatic Calcification occurs in normal tissues as a result of Hypercalemia; whereas Dystrophic
Calcification is macroscopic Calcium deposition in injured tissue.
A. True
B. False - CORRECT ANSWERS A. True
Which of the following physiological mechanisms will ultimately result in edema?
A. decreased capillary filtration pressure due to a decrease in either arterial pressure or venous pressure
B. increased capillary colloidal osmotic pressure due to an abnormal loss of plasma proteins
C. obstruction of lymphatic flow due to an impairment of lymph uptake or an excessive production of
lymph
D. decreased capillary permeability as a result of inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS C.
obstruction of lymphatic flow due to an impairment of lymph uptake or an excessive production of
lymph
Multiple Choice exam Q & As (Verified
Answers) 2026
A 25 year old female with type 1 diabetes mellitus presents to an outpatient medical clinic complaining
of thirst, frequent urination, and weakness. She feels "lightheaded" when she stands. Because of nausea
and vomiting after a meal in a restauraunt the previous day, she stopped eating and taking her insulin.
On examination, she is dehydrated and hypotensive. Her breathing is rapid and deep. Considering this
patient's case, dehydration and hypotension are __________ of her clinical disorder; her thirst, frequent
urination, and weakness are _________ of her endocrine imbalance.
A. signs, sequelae
B. symptoms, signs
C. signs, symptoms
D. sequelae, signs
E. sequalae, symptoms - CORRECT ANSWERS C. signs, symptoms
Normal reference laboratory values:
A. are always tightly controlled with a narrow range
B. are fixed values that do not vary within individuals
C. are always loosely controlled within a wide range
D. may differ from one population to another
E. apply only to healthy adults - CORRECT ANSWERS D. may differ from one population to
another
All of the following are considered to be single gene autosomal recessive disorders except:
,A. Phenylketonuria
B. Neurofibromatosis
C. Tay-Sachs Disease
D. Cystic Fibrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS B. Neurofibromatosis
An individual born with Cystic Fibrosis has:
A. a loss of spinal motor neurons
B. an abnormal development of the Basal Ganglia
C. a deficiency of the enzyme Phenylalanine Hydroxylase
D. an extra copy of Chromosome 21
E. an abnormal accumulation of Viscid Mucus in the Bronchi - CORRECT ANSWERS E. an
abnormal accumulation of Viscid Mucus in the Bronchi
Klinefelter Syndrome results from an absence of all or part of the X Chromosome, whereas Turner
Syndrome results from one or more additional X chromosomes in excess of the normal XY chromosomal
complement
A. True
B. False - CORRECT ANSWERS B. False
An environmental agent that produces abnormalities during embryonic development is known as a
_________
A. Mitogen
B. Cytokine
,C. Kinin
D. Teratogen
E. Growth Factor - CORRECT ANSWERS D. Teratogen
Which of the following Leukocytes is the first cell recruited to an acute inflammatory site?
A. Neutrophil
B. Esinophil
C. Basophil
D. Macrophage - CORRECT ANSWERS A. Neutrophil
Which of the following of Stages of Fever is clinically defined by the initiation of sweating?
A. Flush
B. Chill
C. Defervescence
D. Prodromal Period - CORRECT ANSWERS C. Defervescence
Which of the following most accurately describes the effect that Hypoxia has on a cell?
A. Hypoxia stimulates aerobic metabolism, increasing the cellular ATP production
B. Hypoxia impairs the function of the Na+/K+ -ATPase pump, which leads to an increase in intracellular
[Na+] and [H2O], and a decrease in intracellular [K+]
C. Hypoxia induces an increase in cellular pH as the cell reverts to anaerobic metabolism, yielding lactic
acid
C. Hypoxia impairs the function of the Na+/K+ -ATPase pump, which leads to a decrease in intracellular
[Na+] and [H2O], and a increase in intracellular [K+]
, E. Hypoxia has no effect on the cell - CORRECT ANSWERS B. Hypoxia impairs the function
of the Na+/K+ -ATPase pump, which leads to an increase in intracellular [Na+] and [H2O], and a decrease
in intracellular [K+]
Which of the following cells play a role in Chronic Inflammation?
A. Macrophages
B. Lymphocytes
C. Neutrophils
D. A and B are correct
E. A, B and C are correct - CORRECT ANSWERS D. A and B are correct
Metastatic Calcification occurs in normal tissues as a result of Hypercalemia; whereas Dystrophic
Calcification is macroscopic Calcium deposition in injured tissue.
A. True
B. False - CORRECT ANSWERS A. True
Which of the following physiological mechanisms will ultimately result in edema?
A. decreased capillary filtration pressure due to a decrease in either arterial pressure or venous pressure
B. increased capillary colloidal osmotic pressure due to an abnormal loss of plasma proteins
C. obstruction of lymphatic flow due to an impairment of lymph uptake or an excessive production of
lymph
D. decreased capillary permeability as a result of inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS C.
obstruction of lymphatic flow due to an impairment of lymph uptake or an excessive production of
lymph
