PENN FOSTER VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY FINAL
EXAM 2025 – PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (A+
GUIDE)
Describe how drugs affect the nervous system
Drugs affect the nervous system by acting at the synaptic junctions to promote
neurotransmitter's activity, mimic their actions, or block them from acting.
_____ is considered (even today) to be the most effective of the opioids
Morphine
_____is(are) a major chemical mediator(s) of the allergic response.
Histamine
All of the following are types of corticosteroids except
a. dexamethasone
b. Predef
c. Vetalog
d. ketoprofen.
Ketoprofen
,A local anesthetic such as lidocaine may be the drug of choice when an epidural is
performed to replace a prolapsed uterus in a bovine. T/F
True
List the four steps involve in the production of pain sensation.
Transduction, transmission, modulation, perception
Define windup as it applies to pain production
Central sensitization/hyperalgesia due to repeated stimulation of neurons of the
spinothalamic tract
Pain resulting from tissue injury is called __ pain
pathologic
Pain arising from abdominal or thoracic organs is called __ pain
visceral
List a class of drugs that would alter pain recognition and perception.
Opiods
,Pain control that utilizes a combination of drugs acting at different sites in the pain
production pathways is called __ therapy
multimodal
Define: Hyperkalemia
excess potassium in the blood
intravascular fluid (plasma) makes up approximately _____ of body weight.
5%
explain the concept of a balanced solution for fluid therapy
a solution is balanced if it resembles extracellular fluid in composition
What are three units of measurement used for quantifying electrolytes in fluids.
mEq/L, mOsm/L, and g/100mL
Therapeutic fluids with an osmolality of approximately ______ mOsm/L are isotonic.
300
Give examples of sensible and insensible fluid losses
, sensible losses- primarily represented in urine losses.
insensible loses include fecal, sweat, and respiratory losses.
Underestimation of the degree of dehydration is sometimes a problem in ____ animals.
Obese
one pound of fluid is equivalent to _____ milliliters, and 1 kg is equivalent to _____ milliliters
500, 1000
Calculate the fluid needed for a 44-lb dog that is 6% dehydrated and is losing 100ml of fluid
daily through vomiting.
2520 mL
What drip rate should be used to deliver (over a 24-hour period) the fluid for the dog in
question 10 term-364(using a standard administration set)?
26 gtt/Min
Describe how you would set up the first bag of fluids for a 44lb dog that is 6% dehydrated
and is losing 100 ml of fluid daily through vomiting.
First, check the bag to ensure that the solution is clear. Inspect the container's insertion
port cover to make sure that it is intact and then remove the cover, being careful not to
contaminate it. Close the flow clamp on the administration set, and remove the cover from
the set spike. Wipe the port with an alcohol swab, and insert the spike into the insertion
EXAM 2025 – PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (A+
GUIDE)
Describe how drugs affect the nervous system
Drugs affect the nervous system by acting at the synaptic junctions to promote
neurotransmitter's activity, mimic their actions, or block them from acting.
_____ is considered (even today) to be the most effective of the opioids
Morphine
_____is(are) a major chemical mediator(s) of the allergic response.
Histamine
All of the following are types of corticosteroids except
a. dexamethasone
b. Predef
c. Vetalog
d. ketoprofen.
Ketoprofen
,A local anesthetic such as lidocaine may be the drug of choice when an epidural is
performed to replace a prolapsed uterus in a bovine. T/F
True
List the four steps involve in the production of pain sensation.
Transduction, transmission, modulation, perception
Define windup as it applies to pain production
Central sensitization/hyperalgesia due to repeated stimulation of neurons of the
spinothalamic tract
Pain resulting from tissue injury is called __ pain
pathologic
Pain arising from abdominal or thoracic organs is called __ pain
visceral
List a class of drugs that would alter pain recognition and perception.
Opiods
,Pain control that utilizes a combination of drugs acting at different sites in the pain
production pathways is called __ therapy
multimodal
Define: Hyperkalemia
excess potassium in the blood
intravascular fluid (plasma) makes up approximately _____ of body weight.
5%
explain the concept of a balanced solution for fluid therapy
a solution is balanced if it resembles extracellular fluid in composition
What are three units of measurement used for quantifying electrolytes in fluids.
mEq/L, mOsm/L, and g/100mL
Therapeutic fluids with an osmolality of approximately ______ mOsm/L are isotonic.
300
Give examples of sensible and insensible fluid losses
, sensible losses- primarily represented in urine losses.
insensible loses include fecal, sweat, and respiratory losses.
Underestimation of the degree of dehydration is sometimes a problem in ____ animals.
Obese
one pound of fluid is equivalent to _____ milliliters, and 1 kg is equivalent to _____ milliliters
500, 1000
Calculate the fluid needed for a 44-lb dog that is 6% dehydrated and is losing 100ml of fluid
daily through vomiting.
2520 mL
What drip rate should be used to deliver (over a 24-hour period) the fluid for the dog in
question 10 term-364(using a standard administration set)?
26 gtt/Min
Describe how you would set up the first bag of fluids for a 44lb dog that is 6% dehydrated
and is losing 100 ml of fluid daily through vomiting.
First, check the bag to ensure that the solution is clear. Inspect the container's insertion
port cover to make sure that it is intact and then remove the cover, being careful not to
contaminate it. Close the flow clamp on the administration set, and remove the cover from
the set spike. Wipe the port with an alcohol swab, and insert the spike into the insertion
