NSG 3280 (patho): EXAM 1 chapter 4
pages 62-79 NCLEX style Latest
Update 2026 (Questions and Answers-
Verified solutions
What is the primary cause of cellular injury during ischemia?
A. Increased production of ATP
B. Accumulation of lactic acid
C. Decrease in intracellular calcium
D. Activation of the immune response - CORRECT ANSWERS Answer: B
Rationale: Ischemia reduces oxygen delivery, leading to anaerobic metabolism and the
accumulation of lactic acid, which decreases intracellular pH and contributes to cellular injury.
Which of the following is a reversible cellular injury?
A. Apoptosis
B. Necrosis
C. Hydropic swelling
D. Coagulative necrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS Answer: C
Rationale: Hydropic swelling occurs when cells accumulate water due to a failure of ion pumps.
This is typically reversible if the stressor is removed.
Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell size?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWERS Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of individual cells, often in response to increased
workload or demand.
A 65-year-old patient has an enlarged prostate due to an increase in the number of cells. This is an
example of:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWERS Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperplasia refers to an increase in the number of cells, often seen in tissues with high
regenerative capacity.
What is the primary characteristic of apoptosis?
A. Inflammation and tissue damage
B. Swelling of organelles and rupture
C. Programmed cell death without inflammation
D. Cell death due to lack of oxygen - CORRECT ANSWERS Answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is a programmed, orderly process of cell death that occurs without triggering
inflammation, allowing for removal of damaged or unnecessary cells.
pages 62-79 NCLEX style Latest
Update 2026 (Questions and Answers-
Verified solutions
What is the primary cause of cellular injury during ischemia?
A. Increased production of ATP
B. Accumulation of lactic acid
C. Decrease in intracellular calcium
D. Activation of the immune response - CORRECT ANSWERS Answer: B
Rationale: Ischemia reduces oxygen delivery, leading to anaerobic metabolism and the
accumulation of lactic acid, which decreases intracellular pH and contributes to cellular injury.
Which of the following is a reversible cellular injury?
A. Apoptosis
B. Necrosis
C. Hydropic swelling
D. Coagulative necrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS Answer: C
Rationale: Hydropic swelling occurs when cells accumulate water due to a failure of ion pumps.
This is typically reversible if the stressor is removed.
Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell size?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWERS Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of individual cells, often in response to increased
workload or demand.
A 65-year-old patient has an enlarged prostate due to an increase in the number of cells. This is an
example of:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWERS Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperplasia refers to an increase in the number of cells, often seen in tissues with high
regenerative capacity.
What is the primary characteristic of apoptosis?
A. Inflammation and tissue damage
B. Swelling of organelles and rupture
C. Programmed cell death without inflammation
D. Cell death due to lack of oxygen - CORRECT ANSWERS Answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is a programmed, orderly process of cell death that occurs without triggering
inflammation, allowing for removal of damaged or unnecessary cells.
