NSG 3280 Pathophysiology | Exam 1
Review | Units 1 & 2 Latest Update 2026
(Questions and Answers-Verified
solutions
Etiology - CORRECT ANSWERS The study of the causes or reasons for a disease.
Idiopathic - CORRECT ANSWERS A condition with an unknown cause.
Iatrogenic - CORRECT ANSWERS A condition caused by unwanted or unintended medical
treatment.
Risk factor - CORRECT ANSWERS A characteristic or condition that increases the probability
of developing a disease.
Pathogenesis - CORRECT ANSWERS The development of a disease from the initial stimulus
to its full expression.
Latent period - CORRECT ANSWERS The time between exposure to an injurious agent and
the first signs and symptoms of a disease.
Incubation period - CORRECT ANSWERS The time between exposure to a pathogen and the
first signs and symptoms of an infection.
Prodromal period - CORRECT ANSWERS The time when the first signs and symptoms of a
disease appear, often nonspecific.
,Acute phase - CORRECT ANSWERS The stage of a disease when it reaches full intensity.
Silent period - CORRECT ANSWERS An interval in a disease when signs and symptoms
become mild or may disappear.
Subclinical stage - CORRECT ANSWERS A stage where the disease process is established,
but the patient may function normally.
Sequela - CORRECT ANSWERS A secondary condition that results from a disease.
Exacerbation - CORRECT ANSWERS An acute increase in the severity of a disease.
Remission - CORRECT ANSWERS A decline in the severity of a disease.
Convalescence - CORRECT ANSWERS The recovery period after a disease.
Epidemiology - CORRECT ANSWERS The study of how diseases affect the health and illness
of populations.
Endemic - CORRECT ANSWERS A disease that is native to a local region.
Epidemic - CORRECT ANSWERS A disease that affects or spreads to many individuals at the
same time.
Pandemic - CORRECT ANSWERS A disease that affects a large geographic area, often
worldwide.
,Primary prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS Strategies aimed at altering susceptibility or
decreasing exposure for susceptible individuals.
Secondary prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS Early detection and screening for diseases.
Tertiary prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS Rehabilitative care aimed at decreasing disability
and increasing function.
Homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWERS The process of maintaining stability in the body's
internal environment.
Allostasis - CORRECT ANSWERS The process of achieving stability through change in
response to challenges.
Stages of General Adaptation - CORRECT ANSWERS The three stages the body goes through
in response to stress: Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion.
Catecholamine Release - CORRECT ANSWERS The release of hormones such as epinephrine
and norepinephrine in response to stress.
Epinephrine effects - CORRECT ANSWERS Increases heart contractility, heart rate,
bronchodilation, glycogenolysis, and decreases insulin secretion.
Norepinephrine effects - CORRECT ANSWERS Causes blood vessel constriction, decreases
gastrointestinal secretion, decreases insulin secretion, and dilates pupils.
Cortisol effects - CORRECT ANSWERS Increases breakdown of tissues into amino acids,
gluconeogenesis, and mobilizes immune cells while decreasing acute immune response.
, Aldosterone effects - CORRECT ANSWERS Promotes retention of sodium and water, and
causes vasoconstriction.
Endorphins & Enkephalins - CORRECT ANSWERS Endogenous opioids released due to
stress, exercise, or laughter that can alleviate pain.
What is hydropic swelling? - CORRECT ANSWERS Hydropic swelling is the accumulation of
water in cells due to malfunction of the Na+/K+ pump, often resulting from decreased ATP levels,
leading to cell enlargement.
What is intracellular accumulation? - CORRECT ANSWERS Intracellular accumulation refers
to the buildup of substances within cells that can occupy space, provoke immune responses, or cause
toxicity, often due to excessive normal substances, abnormal metabolism, or particles that cannot be
broken down.
What is atrophy? - CORRECT ANSWERS Atrophy is the reduction in cell size and functional
capacity, usually due to decreased energy and nutrient consumption, often caused by disuse,
denervation, or ischemia.
What is hypertrophy? - CORRECT ANSWERS Hypertrophy is the increase in cell mass and
functional capacity, typically resulting from increased demands on the cell, such as repeated exercise or
hormonal stimulation.
What is hyperplasia? - CORRECT ANSWERS Hyperplasia is the increase in the number of
cells in a tissue or organ, often due to increased demands, hormonal changes, or persistent injury.
What is metaplasia? - CORRECT ANSWERS Metaplasia is the replacement of one type of cell
with another type, often as an adaptive response to persistent injury.
Review | Units 1 & 2 Latest Update 2026
(Questions and Answers-Verified
solutions
Etiology - CORRECT ANSWERS The study of the causes or reasons for a disease.
Idiopathic - CORRECT ANSWERS A condition with an unknown cause.
Iatrogenic - CORRECT ANSWERS A condition caused by unwanted or unintended medical
treatment.
Risk factor - CORRECT ANSWERS A characteristic or condition that increases the probability
of developing a disease.
Pathogenesis - CORRECT ANSWERS The development of a disease from the initial stimulus
to its full expression.
Latent period - CORRECT ANSWERS The time between exposure to an injurious agent and
the first signs and symptoms of a disease.
Incubation period - CORRECT ANSWERS The time between exposure to a pathogen and the
first signs and symptoms of an infection.
Prodromal period - CORRECT ANSWERS The time when the first signs and symptoms of a
disease appear, often nonspecific.
,Acute phase - CORRECT ANSWERS The stage of a disease when it reaches full intensity.
Silent period - CORRECT ANSWERS An interval in a disease when signs and symptoms
become mild or may disappear.
Subclinical stage - CORRECT ANSWERS A stage where the disease process is established,
but the patient may function normally.
Sequela - CORRECT ANSWERS A secondary condition that results from a disease.
Exacerbation - CORRECT ANSWERS An acute increase in the severity of a disease.
Remission - CORRECT ANSWERS A decline in the severity of a disease.
Convalescence - CORRECT ANSWERS The recovery period after a disease.
Epidemiology - CORRECT ANSWERS The study of how diseases affect the health and illness
of populations.
Endemic - CORRECT ANSWERS A disease that is native to a local region.
Epidemic - CORRECT ANSWERS A disease that affects or spreads to many individuals at the
same time.
Pandemic - CORRECT ANSWERS A disease that affects a large geographic area, often
worldwide.
,Primary prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS Strategies aimed at altering susceptibility or
decreasing exposure for susceptible individuals.
Secondary prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS Early detection and screening for diseases.
Tertiary prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS Rehabilitative care aimed at decreasing disability
and increasing function.
Homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWERS The process of maintaining stability in the body's
internal environment.
Allostasis - CORRECT ANSWERS The process of achieving stability through change in
response to challenges.
Stages of General Adaptation - CORRECT ANSWERS The three stages the body goes through
in response to stress: Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion.
Catecholamine Release - CORRECT ANSWERS The release of hormones such as epinephrine
and norepinephrine in response to stress.
Epinephrine effects - CORRECT ANSWERS Increases heart contractility, heart rate,
bronchodilation, glycogenolysis, and decreases insulin secretion.
Norepinephrine effects - CORRECT ANSWERS Causes blood vessel constriction, decreases
gastrointestinal secretion, decreases insulin secretion, and dilates pupils.
Cortisol effects - CORRECT ANSWERS Increases breakdown of tissues into amino acids,
gluconeogenesis, and mobilizes immune cells while decreasing acute immune response.
, Aldosterone effects - CORRECT ANSWERS Promotes retention of sodium and water, and
causes vasoconstriction.
Endorphins & Enkephalins - CORRECT ANSWERS Endogenous opioids released due to
stress, exercise, or laughter that can alleviate pain.
What is hydropic swelling? - CORRECT ANSWERS Hydropic swelling is the accumulation of
water in cells due to malfunction of the Na+/K+ pump, often resulting from decreased ATP levels,
leading to cell enlargement.
What is intracellular accumulation? - CORRECT ANSWERS Intracellular accumulation refers
to the buildup of substances within cells that can occupy space, provoke immune responses, or cause
toxicity, often due to excessive normal substances, abnormal metabolism, or particles that cannot be
broken down.
What is atrophy? - CORRECT ANSWERS Atrophy is the reduction in cell size and functional
capacity, usually due to decreased energy and nutrient consumption, often caused by disuse,
denervation, or ischemia.
What is hypertrophy? - CORRECT ANSWERS Hypertrophy is the increase in cell mass and
functional capacity, typically resulting from increased demands on the cell, such as repeated exercise or
hormonal stimulation.
What is hyperplasia? - CORRECT ANSWERS Hyperplasia is the increase in the number of
cells in a tissue or organ, often due to increased demands, hormonal changes, or persistent injury.
What is metaplasia? - CORRECT ANSWERS Metaplasia is the replacement of one type of cell
with another type, often as an adaptive response to persistent injury.
