NURS 5334 ANTIMICROBIALS
CERTIFICATION EVALUATION 2026 EXAM
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
◉ Four basic actions of microbial mechanisms for drug resistance.
Answer: 1. Reduction of drug concentration at the site of its action
(usually intracellular)
2. Alteration of drug target molecules (receptors)
3. Antagonist production
4. Drug inactivation (by bacterial enzymes) - beta-lactam ring in
beta-lactamase producers
◉ Mechanisms for acquired resistance.
Answer: 1. Spontaneous mutations
2. Conjugation
◉ Spontaneous mutations.
Answer: Mutation produces random changes in a microbe's DNA,
resulting is a gradual increase in resistance
Confer resistance only to one single drug
◉ Conjugation.
, Answer: Extrachromosomal DNA is transferred from one bacterium
to another, carrying resistances DNA
◉ Broad-spectrum antibiotics in drug resistance.
Answer: Broad-spectrum antibiotics kill more competing organisms
than narrow-spectrum, the broad-spectrum agents do the most to
facilitate emergence of resistance
◉ Healthcare-associated infections.
Answer: Can be highly difficult to treat because hospitals are sites of
intensive antibiotic use
◉ Super infection.
Answer: A new infection that appears during the course of
treatment for a primary infection
While antibiotics eliminate the inhibitory influence of normal flora, a
second infectious agent flourish
◉ Delay the emergence of drug-resistance.
Answer: Promote appropriate prescribing guidelines
Limit prescriptions in healthy adults
Emphasize drug adherence
CERTIFICATION EVALUATION 2026 EXAM
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
◉ Four basic actions of microbial mechanisms for drug resistance.
Answer: 1. Reduction of drug concentration at the site of its action
(usually intracellular)
2. Alteration of drug target molecules (receptors)
3. Antagonist production
4. Drug inactivation (by bacterial enzymes) - beta-lactam ring in
beta-lactamase producers
◉ Mechanisms for acquired resistance.
Answer: 1. Spontaneous mutations
2. Conjugation
◉ Spontaneous mutations.
Answer: Mutation produces random changes in a microbe's DNA,
resulting is a gradual increase in resistance
Confer resistance only to one single drug
◉ Conjugation.
, Answer: Extrachromosomal DNA is transferred from one bacterium
to another, carrying resistances DNA
◉ Broad-spectrum antibiotics in drug resistance.
Answer: Broad-spectrum antibiotics kill more competing organisms
than narrow-spectrum, the broad-spectrum agents do the most to
facilitate emergence of resistance
◉ Healthcare-associated infections.
Answer: Can be highly difficult to treat because hospitals are sites of
intensive antibiotic use
◉ Super infection.
Answer: A new infection that appears during the course of
treatment for a primary infection
While antibiotics eliminate the inhibitory influence of normal flora, a
second infectious agent flourish
◉ Delay the emergence of drug-resistance.
Answer: Promote appropriate prescribing guidelines
Limit prescriptions in healthy adults
Emphasize drug adherence
