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The following are Key Concepts covered on Exam 3.
1. Physiological concepts of fight or flight response
Alarm state– SNS stimulation releasing catecholamines and cortisol - rapid heart rate, RR
increase, muscles tense and shake, eyes dilate, stomach digestion slows, bladder and bowels slow,
hair erection, liver glycogen convert to glucose
Heart rate, BP, intestinal motility, - controls the smooth muscle with unconscious control
2. Define homeostasis - equilibrium, balance, consistency, or stability. In the body, this self-
regulating, give and take system respond to minor changes in the body’s status thru
compensation mechanisms. Compensation mechanisms attempt to counteract those changes
and return the body to its normal state.
3. Function of a ribosome – protein synthesis – protein production on the RER and polysomes
4. Hormone that raises blood sugar - Glucagon
5. Main function of the endocrine system - hormones to maintain homeostasis
- Regulate biological processes – conception/reproduction, metabolism, growth and
development, emotions and mood, sleep, BP
6. Function of plasma proteins – tells the state of health – keeps electrolyte fluid in balance in
blood vessels
ALBUMIN – maintain osmotic pressure
GLOBULINS – immunity and transport proteins
FIBRINOGEN – clotting, protein, & connective tissue
Maintain pH, fight infections,
Enzymes, antibodies, coagulation factor, hormone transport
7. Intracellular fluids contains high _____ - note which electrolytes
Potassium , magnesium, phosphate, and proteins PMPP
, 2
8. Physiologic effect of hyponatremia
Less than 135 - - - - water shifts into brain cells
Nerve conduction impaired – decreased mental function - CONFUSION
Walking problems, falling, muscle weakness
Seizures and coma
Poor skin turgor
Decreased BP
Lethargy
Osteoporosis and fractures
9. Define hypovolemia – Fluid deficit in the intravascular compartment DUE to excess
SODIUM, water intake, or insufficient loss
Thirst – dry mucus membranes - oliguria
Hypertension – weak pulse – bradycardia
Decreased skin turgor – weight loss
10. This stores electrolytes and acts like an electrolyte pool in the body
BONES
11. Define “sign”, “contraindication”
Sign – clinical manifestations that can be seen or measured.
Contraindication – reason for person not to get certain treatment
12. Normal range of sodium
135-145
13. Clinical manifestations of fluid volume overload
Edema – peripheral, periorbital, anasarca
Headache – confusion
Bounding pulse – tachycardia – jugular vein distention – hypertension
Crackles in lungs
polyuria
14. Know components of insensible water loss
Immeasurable losses thru skin perspiration and respiratory tract (breathing, talking,
coughing, hyperventilation)
, 3
15. Define hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic solutions
Isotonic – no shift – just replace fluid
Hypotonic – intravascular to intracellular – make cells fat
Hypertonic – intracellular to intravascular – cells shrink - skinny
16. Define osmosis – The movement of water or another solvent across the cellular membrane
from area of LOW SOLUTE CONCENTRATION to and area of HIGH solute concentration
17. Normal pH of blood
7.35 – 7.45
18. Define diffusion – The movement of solutes (particles dissolved in solvent) from an area of
higher concentration to lower concentrations
19. An increase in sodium and osmolality is associated with a deficiency in water
20. How does the body maintain acid-base balance?
by moving hydrogen H. The more H the lower the pH
thru respiratory and renal (slowest and longest lasting) systems
4 buffer mechanisms: bicarbonate, phosphate, hemoglobin, and protein systems
21. Clinical manifestations of metabolic acidosis
Too little bicarb or too much H (acid) pH less than 7.35
Diarrhea, renal failure, DKA, tissue apoxia
22. Define sepsis
An overwhelming infection. The body’s response – Life threatening medical emergency
23. Always wash your hands to prevent transmission of infectious agents
24. Know the steps of the inflammatory process - nondiscriminatory – always the same response
1. Redness – erythema
The following are Key Concepts covered on Exam 3.
1. Physiological concepts of fight or flight response
Alarm state– SNS stimulation releasing catecholamines and cortisol - rapid heart rate, RR
increase, muscles tense and shake, eyes dilate, stomach digestion slows, bladder and bowels slow,
hair erection, liver glycogen convert to glucose
Heart rate, BP, intestinal motility, - controls the smooth muscle with unconscious control
2. Define homeostasis - equilibrium, balance, consistency, or stability. In the body, this self-
regulating, give and take system respond to minor changes in the body’s status thru
compensation mechanisms. Compensation mechanisms attempt to counteract those changes
and return the body to its normal state.
3. Function of a ribosome – protein synthesis – protein production on the RER and polysomes
4. Hormone that raises blood sugar - Glucagon
5. Main function of the endocrine system - hormones to maintain homeostasis
- Regulate biological processes – conception/reproduction, metabolism, growth and
development, emotions and mood, sleep, BP
6. Function of plasma proteins – tells the state of health – keeps electrolyte fluid in balance in
blood vessels
ALBUMIN – maintain osmotic pressure
GLOBULINS – immunity and transport proteins
FIBRINOGEN – clotting, protein, & connective tissue
Maintain pH, fight infections,
Enzymes, antibodies, coagulation factor, hormone transport
7. Intracellular fluids contains high _____ - note which electrolytes
Potassium , magnesium, phosphate, and proteins PMPP
, 2
8. Physiologic effect of hyponatremia
Less than 135 - - - - water shifts into brain cells
Nerve conduction impaired – decreased mental function - CONFUSION
Walking problems, falling, muscle weakness
Seizures and coma
Poor skin turgor
Decreased BP
Lethargy
Osteoporosis and fractures
9. Define hypovolemia – Fluid deficit in the intravascular compartment DUE to excess
SODIUM, water intake, or insufficient loss
Thirst – dry mucus membranes - oliguria
Hypertension – weak pulse – bradycardia
Decreased skin turgor – weight loss
10. This stores electrolytes and acts like an electrolyte pool in the body
BONES
11. Define “sign”, “contraindication”
Sign – clinical manifestations that can be seen or measured.
Contraindication – reason for person not to get certain treatment
12. Normal range of sodium
135-145
13. Clinical manifestations of fluid volume overload
Edema – peripheral, periorbital, anasarca
Headache – confusion
Bounding pulse – tachycardia – jugular vein distention – hypertension
Crackles in lungs
polyuria
14. Know components of insensible water loss
Immeasurable losses thru skin perspiration and respiratory tract (breathing, talking,
coughing, hyperventilation)
, 3
15. Define hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic solutions
Isotonic – no shift – just replace fluid
Hypotonic – intravascular to intracellular – make cells fat
Hypertonic – intracellular to intravascular – cells shrink - skinny
16. Define osmosis – The movement of water or another solvent across the cellular membrane
from area of LOW SOLUTE CONCENTRATION to and area of HIGH solute concentration
17. Normal pH of blood
7.35 – 7.45
18. Define diffusion – The movement of solutes (particles dissolved in solvent) from an area of
higher concentration to lower concentrations
19. An increase in sodium and osmolality is associated with a deficiency in water
20. How does the body maintain acid-base balance?
by moving hydrogen H. The more H the lower the pH
thru respiratory and renal (slowest and longest lasting) systems
4 buffer mechanisms: bicarbonate, phosphate, hemoglobin, and protein systems
21. Clinical manifestations of metabolic acidosis
Too little bicarb or too much H (acid) pH less than 7.35
Diarrhea, renal failure, DKA, tissue apoxia
22. Define sepsis
An overwhelming infection. The body’s response – Life threatening medical emergency
23. Always wash your hands to prevent transmission of infectious agents
24. Know the steps of the inflammatory process - nondiscriminatory – always the same response
1. Redness – erythema
