NURS 660 SUM EXAM 1 FINAL PAPER 2026
STUDY GUIDE DETAILED ANSWERS READY
◉ Glutamate and schizophrenia.
Answer: Considered the "master switch" of the brain. Glutamate is
the major excitatory neurotransmitter of the CNS as it can turn on
nearly all of the CNS neurons
Decreased in schizophrenia
◉ Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome.
Answer: -Adverse reaction to antipsychotics with severe "lead pipe"
rigidity, FEVER, and mental status changes
-Lab findings- increased CK, leukocytosis, low serum iron
-Caused by dopamine antagonists
-Slower in onset, 1-2 weeks after starting/changing therapy.
-Manage by stopping causative agent, supportive care, ECT,
Dantrolene, bromocriptine, and amantadine.
◉ Serotonin Syndrome.
Answer: -Caused by serotonergic agents
-Hyperreflexia, myoclonus, ocular clonus
, -Manage by stopping all serotonergic agents, supportive care aimed
at normalization of vitals, sedation with benzos, administration of
serotonergic antagonists, and antidote therapy with cyproheptadine
-Assess need to resume use of causative serotonergic meds after
resolution of symptoms
-Symptoms seen within 24 hours of starting/changing therapy.
◉ The "-pine" family.
Answer: Have 5-HT2A and D2 antagonism.
Strong potency for H1 and muscarinic receptors
Clozapine, Olanzapine, Quetiapine,
◉ Clozapine.
Answer: Atypical Antipsychotic
SE: AGRANULOCYTOSIS- ANC blood testing prior, during. Can be
very sedating, excessive salivation, Increased risk of myocarditis,
Greatest degree of weight gain and possibly greatest
cardiometabolic risk
Indications- treatment resistant schizophrenia, reducing suicidal
behavior
◉ Drug interactions with Clozapine.
Answer: Potential to increase levels: SSRIS, cipro, cimetidine,
macrolides, caffeine
STUDY GUIDE DETAILED ANSWERS READY
◉ Glutamate and schizophrenia.
Answer: Considered the "master switch" of the brain. Glutamate is
the major excitatory neurotransmitter of the CNS as it can turn on
nearly all of the CNS neurons
Decreased in schizophrenia
◉ Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome.
Answer: -Adverse reaction to antipsychotics with severe "lead pipe"
rigidity, FEVER, and mental status changes
-Lab findings- increased CK, leukocytosis, low serum iron
-Caused by dopamine antagonists
-Slower in onset, 1-2 weeks after starting/changing therapy.
-Manage by stopping causative agent, supportive care, ECT,
Dantrolene, bromocriptine, and amantadine.
◉ Serotonin Syndrome.
Answer: -Caused by serotonergic agents
-Hyperreflexia, myoclonus, ocular clonus
, -Manage by stopping all serotonergic agents, supportive care aimed
at normalization of vitals, sedation with benzos, administration of
serotonergic antagonists, and antidote therapy with cyproheptadine
-Assess need to resume use of causative serotonergic meds after
resolution of symptoms
-Symptoms seen within 24 hours of starting/changing therapy.
◉ The "-pine" family.
Answer: Have 5-HT2A and D2 antagonism.
Strong potency for H1 and muscarinic receptors
Clozapine, Olanzapine, Quetiapine,
◉ Clozapine.
Answer: Atypical Antipsychotic
SE: AGRANULOCYTOSIS- ANC blood testing prior, during. Can be
very sedating, excessive salivation, Increased risk of myocarditis,
Greatest degree of weight gain and possibly greatest
cardiometabolic risk
Indications- treatment resistant schizophrenia, reducing suicidal
behavior
◉ Drug interactions with Clozapine.
Answer: Potential to increase levels: SSRIS, cipro, cimetidine,
macrolides, caffeine
