Pediatric primary care burns
Exam 1 Study Guide For A+
Students 2026/2027
How long is exclusive BF recommended? - ANSWER-first 6 mos
How quickly should BF be initiated? - ANSWER-within 30 mins of birth
There are many illnesses that are less likely to occur if babe is breastfed, what are
these? - ANSWER-gastro, NEC, AOM, LRTIs, asthma, atopy, DM, SIDS, leukemia
Benefits to mother from BF: - ANSWER-rapid return to non-preg state, strong bond,
decreased br/ovarian Ca, decreased metabolic syndrome, NIDDM, and PPD
Contraindications of BF - ANSWER-galactosemia, T-cell lymphotrophic virus, TB, Ca or
Ca tmt, HIV, nipple herpes
What is in colostrum - ANSWER-immunoglobulins/antibodies
Colostrum higher or lower fat than milk? - ANSWER-lower
Colostrum facilitates the passage of? - ANSWER-meconium
What is breastmilk low in? - ANSWER-vit D, iron
At what point in pregnancy is a woman capable of milk production? - ANSWER-20 wks
What hormone triggers letdown reflex? - ANSWER-oxytocin
What is mammogenesis? - ANSWER-growth and development of the mammary gland
in preparation for milk production
Frequency of feedings of newborn? - ANSWER-8-12 after first 24 hrs
Duration of feedings of newborn? - ANSWER-20-45 mins after first 24 hrs
How long is breastmilk good for in fridge? - ANSWER-8 days
How long if breastmilk good for in cooler? - ANSWER-24 hrs
How long is breastmilk good for in freezer? - ANSWER-3 mos
,Recommendations for breastfeeding toddlers? - ANSWER-after meal, not on demand, if
tandem feed infant first, brush teeth after, tell dentist breastfeeding
Infant wt loss after birth - ANSWER-5-8% of body wt normal
neonate daily average wt gain - ANSWER-0.5-1 ounce (14-28g)
How long until a babe should be at birth wt? - ANSWER-3 wks
At what age should birth wt be doubled? - ANSWER-5-6 months
At what age should birth wt be tripled? - ANSWER-1 yr
First few days, a neonate should void? - ANSWER-1-3 times
By day 4 the neonate should void? - ANSWER-4-6
Regular urine output of neonate is? - ANSWER-4-6 times per day
Stool output of typical neonate? - ANSWER-2-3
Meconium stools should be complete by day? - ANSWER-3
Minimum caloric intake of BF mom? - ANSWER-1800
If mom wondering about ETOH intake what is the amount considered safe? - ANSWER-
<0.5/kg
Malaise, breast tenderness; red, warm lumps/streaking; flu-like sys (fever, chill, aches)
in a breastfeeding mom can indicate? - ANSWER-mastitis
Mgmt mastitis: - ANSWER-empty breast, frequent nursing, analgesics, abx if needed,
rest, warm showers, increase fluids
Red flag progression of mastitis? - ANSWER-abscess/septicemia
When does elevated bili peak in breast milk jaundice? - ANSWER-occurs 7-10 day and
peaks on 10-15th
How much water loss can be life threatening to a child? - ANSWER-10%
What does sodium regulate in the body? - ANSWER-ECF volume, osmolarity, acid-
base balance, membrane potential of cells
How is sodium lost out of body? - ANSWER-vomiting, diarrhea, perspiration
,Role of potassium in the body? - ANSWER-helps maintain intracellular homeostasis,
muscle contractility, transmission of nerve impulses
Severe deficit of potassium can cause? - ANSWER-cardiac dysrhythmias/death
What is the role of chloride in the body? - ANSWER-function with sodium to maintain
fluid/electrolyte balance
Proteins, enzymes, and hormones are synthesized from? - ANSWER-amino acids
Monosaccharides are simple or complex carbs? - ANSWER-simple
Disaccharides are simple or complex carbs? - ANSWER-complex
Role of fat in diet? - ANSWER-energy, vitamin absorption, maintain cell membrane and
myelin
Two essential fatty acids are? - ANSWER-Linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid (LA and
ALA)
fat soluble vitamins - ANSWER-DAKE, absorbed in intestines, require bile, store for a
long time in tissue
Water soluble vits - ANSWER-Cs and Bs, only store small amts, if intake too high
absorption decreases, require daily intake
How much vit d should a breastfed babe have? - ANSWER-400 IU daily
When should fluoride be given to a babe? - ANSWER-at 6 months if not in water
What is an important consideration when adding food to a breastfed babe's diet? -
ANSWER-iron-fortified
What is advice regarding comfort feeding? - ANSWER-avoid
Nutritional risk with teen pregnancies? - ANSWER-adolescent growth spurt competes
with fetus for nutrients
Teen pregnancy risks? - ANSWER-prematurity, LBW, chronic illness/disability, death
How much exercise should a child have? - ANSWER-60 minutes mod/high per day
Benefits of vegetarianism - ANSWER-lower obesity, heart disease, and DM rates
What can be deficient in a vegan diet? What 2 are the highest? - ANSWER-protein,
B12, iron, Ca++, zinc, riboflavin, vit D; B12, zinc
, What can become of fetus with B12 and zinc deficiency? - ANSWER-possible
permanent neuro damage
What measurements can be taken, other than ht and wt, to assess wt in children? -
ANSWER-Triceps skinfold measurement; mid-upper arm circumference
triceps skinfold measurement - ANSWER-
mid-upper arm circumference - ANSWER-
What BMI percentile is considered overweight? - ANSWER-85-95th
What BMI percentile is considered obese? - ANSWER-95th or higher
Primary goal of pediatric wt management? - ANSWER-normalize, not reduce
Complications of obesity in children? - ANSWER-Hypertension obstructive sleep apnea
, OSA, orthopedic issues, depression, suicide
How long should a food recall or diary be kept for assessment? - ANSWER-3 days
Children aged 5 to 9 who have contact with same or opposite sexes, play sex games, or
idea about sex - parents should be? - ANSWER-parents should avoid being overly
alarmed if they witness this play.
*parents can redirect play*
At around what AGE do children giggle and learn more about SEX and sexuality? -
ANSWER-Age 8
At what age does self-stimulation as a result of sexual reflexes due to sexual fantasies,
behavior and relationships? - ANSWER-10-12 year olds
The biggest reason adolescents do not seek healthcare for sexual education is due to?
- ANSWER-Confidentiality
How should you ask an adolescent with concrete cognitive abilities about sexual
history? - ANSWER-"Have you ever had a romantic relationship with a boy or a girl"
"Define Sex"
Early Adolescents (age 12 to 14) are concrete thinkers and cannot get to the abstract
thought of "what if". How should sexual education be given to them? - ANSWER-Use
pictures and direct questions and statements
Use simple concert terms when counseling
Exam 1 Study Guide For A+
Students 2026/2027
How long is exclusive BF recommended? - ANSWER-first 6 mos
How quickly should BF be initiated? - ANSWER-within 30 mins of birth
There are many illnesses that are less likely to occur if babe is breastfed, what are
these? - ANSWER-gastro, NEC, AOM, LRTIs, asthma, atopy, DM, SIDS, leukemia
Benefits to mother from BF: - ANSWER-rapid return to non-preg state, strong bond,
decreased br/ovarian Ca, decreased metabolic syndrome, NIDDM, and PPD
Contraindications of BF - ANSWER-galactosemia, T-cell lymphotrophic virus, TB, Ca or
Ca tmt, HIV, nipple herpes
What is in colostrum - ANSWER-immunoglobulins/antibodies
Colostrum higher or lower fat than milk? - ANSWER-lower
Colostrum facilitates the passage of? - ANSWER-meconium
What is breastmilk low in? - ANSWER-vit D, iron
At what point in pregnancy is a woman capable of milk production? - ANSWER-20 wks
What hormone triggers letdown reflex? - ANSWER-oxytocin
What is mammogenesis? - ANSWER-growth and development of the mammary gland
in preparation for milk production
Frequency of feedings of newborn? - ANSWER-8-12 after first 24 hrs
Duration of feedings of newborn? - ANSWER-20-45 mins after first 24 hrs
How long is breastmilk good for in fridge? - ANSWER-8 days
How long if breastmilk good for in cooler? - ANSWER-24 hrs
How long is breastmilk good for in freezer? - ANSWER-3 mos
,Recommendations for breastfeeding toddlers? - ANSWER-after meal, not on demand, if
tandem feed infant first, brush teeth after, tell dentist breastfeeding
Infant wt loss after birth - ANSWER-5-8% of body wt normal
neonate daily average wt gain - ANSWER-0.5-1 ounce (14-28g)
How long until a babe should be at birth wt? - ANSWER-3 wks
At what age should birth wt be doubled? - ANSWER-5-6 months
At what age should birth wt be tripled? - ANSWER-1 yr
First few days, a neonate should void? - ANSWER-1-3 times
By day 4 the neonate should void? - ANSWER-4-6
Regular urine output of neonate is? - ANSWER-4-6 times per day
Stool output of typical neonate? - ANSWER-2-3
Meconium stools should be complete by day? - ANSWER-3
Minimum caloric intake of BF mom? - ANSWER-1800
If mom wondering about ETOH intake what is the amount considered safe? - ANSWER-
<0.5/kg
Malaise, breast tenderness; red, warm lumps/streaking; flu-like sys (fever, chill, aches)
in a breastfeeding mom can indicate? - ANSWER-mastitis
Mgmt mastitis: - ANSWER-empty breast, frequent nursing, analgesics, abx if needed,
rest, warm showers, increase fluids
Red flag progression of mastitis? - ANSWER-abscess/septicemia
When does elevated bili peak in breast milk jaundice? - ANSWER-occurs 7-10 day and
peaks on 10-15th
How much water loss can be life threatening to a child? - ANSWER-10%
What does sodium regulate in the body? - ANSWER-ECF volume, osmolarity, acid-
base balance, membrane potential of cells
How is sodium lost out of body? - ANSWER-vomiting, diarrhea, perspiration
,Role of potassium in the body? - ANSWER-helps maintain intracellular homeostasis,
muscle contractility, transmission of nerve impulses
Severe deficit of potassium can cause? - ANSWER-cardiac dysrhythmias/death
What is the role of chloride in the body? - ANSWER-function with sodium to maintain
fluid/electrolyte balance
Proteins, enzymes, and hormones are synthesized from? - ANSWER-amino acids
Monosaccharides are simple or complex carbs? - ANSWER-simple
Disaccharides are simple or complex carbs? - ANSWER-complex
Role of fat in diet? - ANSWER-energy, vitamin absorption, maintain cell membrane and
myelin
Two essential fatty acids are? - ANSWER-Linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid (LA and
ALA)
fat soluble vitamins - ANSWER-DAKE, absorbed in intestines, require bile, store for a
long time in tissue
Water soluble vits - ANSWER-Cs and Bs, only store small amts, if intake too high
absorption decreases, require daily intake
How much vit d should a breastfed babe have? - ANSWER-400 IU daily
When should fluoride be given to a babe? - ANSWER-at 6 months if not in water
What is an important consideration when adding food to a breastfed babe's diet? -
ANSWER-iron-fortified
What is advice regarding comfort feeding? - ANSWER-avoid
Nutritional risk with teen pregnancies? - ANSWER-adolescent growth spurt competes
with fetus for nutrients
Teen pregnancy risks? - ANSWER-prematurity, LBW, chronic illness/disability, death
How much exercise should a child have? - ANSWER-60 minutes mod/high per day
Benefits of vegetarianism - ANSWER-lower obesity, heart disease, and DM rates
What can be deficient in a vegan diet? What 2 are the highest? - ANSWER-protein,
B12, iron, Ca++, zinc, riboflavin, vit D; B12, zinc
, What can become of fetus with B12 and zinc deficiency? - ANSWER-possible
permanent neuro damage
What measurements can be taken, other than ht and wt, to assess wt in children? -
ANSWER-Triceps skinfold measurement; mid-upper arm circumference
triceps skinfold measurement - ANSWER-
mid-upper arm circumference - ANSWER-
What BMI percentile is considered overweight? - ANSWER-85-95th
What BMI percentile is considered obese? - ANSWER-95th or higher
Primary goal of pediatric wt management? - ANSWER-normalize, not reduce
Complications of obesity in children? - ANSWER-Hypertension obstructive sleep apnea
, OSA, orthopedic issues, depression, suicide
How long should a food recall or diary be kept for assessment? - ANSWER-3 days
Children aged 5 to 9 who have contact with same or opposite sexes, play sex games, or
idea about sex - parents should be? - ANSWER-parents should avoid being overly
alarmed if they witness this play.
*parents can redirect play*
At around what AGE do children giggle and learn more about SEX and sexuality? -
ANSWER-Age 8
At what age does self-stimulation as a result of sexual reflexes due to sexual fantasies,
behavior and relationships? - ANSWER-10-12 year olds
The biggest reason adolescents do not seek healthcare for sexual education is due to?
- ANSWER-Confidentiality
How should you ask an adolescent with concrete cognitive abilities about sexual
history? - ANSWER-"Have you ever had a romantic relationship with a boy or a girl"
"Define Sex"
Early Adolescents (age 12 to 14) are concrete thinkers and cannot get to the abstract
thought of "what if". How should sexual education be given to them? - ANSWER-Use
pictures and direct questions and statements
Use simple concert terms when counseling
