NUR 242 MED SURG EXAM 3 , COMPLETE TEST
|| QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) (LATEST UPDATE 2026) UPDATE!!
An older client with a history of congestive heart failure expresses concern about potential
exposure to tuberculosis (TB) from his or her roommate at the extended care facility. The
roommate coughs a great deal and sometimes spits up blood. Which is the primary reason that
the nurse pursues more information about the roommate? - ANSWER✔️TB adversely affects
older adults with chronic illness
When the clinic nurse is teaching a group of clients with heart failure (HF) about dietary
interventions to prevent fluid overload, which topic will be included? - ANSWER✔️Use of fresh
or frozen vegetables instead of canned ones / low sodium
Which action would the nurse take first when a client with heart failure has an episode of
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)? - ANSWER✔️Assist the client to sit on the edge of the
bed
,When caring for a client with a diagnosis of right ventricular heart failure, the nurse expects
which assessment findings? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. -
ANSWER✔️Dependent edema
Swollen hands and fingers
Right upper quadrant discomfort
The nurse's physical assessment of a client with heart failure reveals tachypnea and bilateral
crackles. Which is the priority nursing intervention? - ANSWER✔️Place client in a high-Fowler
position.
Which treatment would the nurse anticipate when caring for an infant with heart failure? -
ANSWER✔️Medications that are prescribed for both children and adults
Which feeding education would the nurse provide the parent of a 2-month-old infant with the
diagnosis of heart failure? - ANSWER✔️Feed slowly while allowing time for adequate periods of
rest
Which assessment finding would indicate improvement in a 4-month-old infant admitted to the
pediatric unit with a diagnosis of congestive heart failure? - ANSWER✔️Weight loss during next
2 days
The parent of an infant with heart failure questions the necessity of weighing the baby every
morning. Which would the nurse say that this daily information is important in determining? -
ANSWER✔️fluid retention
While auscultating the heart, a health care provider notices S 3 heart sounds in four clients.
Which client is at highest risk for heart failure? - ANSWER✔️Older adult client
Which assessment finding is a late sign of heart failure? - ANSWER✔️Peripheral edema
What is the prognosis of acute pyelonephritis? - ANSWER✔️renal scaring rare if treated properly
What are the S&S of chronic pyelonephritis? - ANSWER✔️often asymptomatic;
dysuria, vague flank pain
What is the prognosis of chronic pyelonephritis? - ANSWER✔️a leading cause of renal failure
What are the causes of urinary tract obstruction? - ANSWER✔️developmental defects;
calculi (stones);
pregnancy;
benign prostatic hyperplasia;
scar tissue resulting from infection and inflammation;
tumors;
neurologic disorders such as spinal cord injury
,What are some damaging effects of urinary obstruction? - ANSWER✔️stasis of urine;
predisposes to infection and stone formation;
development of back pressure;
interferes with renal blood flow and destroys kidney tissue
What is renal calculi? - ANSWER✔️common cause of urinary obstruction that forms when urine
volume is low or pH is abnormal;
may lead to infection, structural damage, hydronephrosis, and ischemic kidney damage;
most stones are calcium oxalate (phosphate)
What are the S&S of renal calculi? - ANSWER✔️asymptomatic when in renal pelvis;
when in ureter, intense ureteral colic;
abrupt onset, becomes increasingly severe;
unilateral;
may have nausea and vomiting
What is glomerulonephritis? - ANSWER✔️inflammation of the glomeruli caused by immune
processes (autoimmune, antigen-antibody deposition, toxins);
glomerular basement membrane damage causing decreased GFR
What are the causes of glomerulonephritis? - ANSWER✔️diseases that provoke a proliferative
inflammatory response of the endothelial, mesangial, or epithelial cells of the glomeruli;
the inflammatory process (damages the capillary wall, permits RBC's to escape into the urine,
produces hemodynamic changes that decrease the GFR)
What are the characteristics of glomerulonephritis? - ANSWER✔️hematuria with red cell casts;
a diminished glomerular filtration rate (GFR);
azotemia (presence of nitrogenous wastes in the blood);
oliguria;
hypertension
What is nephrotic syndrome? - ANSWER✔️collection of S&S caused by increased glomerular
capillary wall permeability to proteins
What is the etiology of nephrotic syndrome? - ANSWER✔️glomerulonephritis;
diabetic nephropathy;
minimal change disease;
glomerulosclerosis
What are the characteristics of nephrotic syndrome? - ANSWER✔️ongoing leaky basement
membrane;
proteinura > 3.5 g in 24 hr;
hypoalbuminemia;
generalized edema;
hyperlipidemia;
, usually self-limiting
What is renal failure? - ANSWER✔️a condition in which the kidneys fail to remove metabolic
end products from the blood and regulate the fluid, electrolyte, and pH balance of the
extracellular fluids
What are the manifestations of hypercalcemia? - ANSWER✔️nausea, vomiting, constipation;
polyuria, polydipsia;
muscle weakness and atrophy;
osteoporosis;
hypertension, dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest
What is the cause of hypercalcemia? - ANSWER✔️hyperparathyroidism;
malignant tumors- cancer tumors release hormone similar to parathyroid hormone;
high calcium ingestion- turns or antacids;
prolonged immobility- you need weight-bearing to strengthen the bones, if not calcium will leak
out;
excessive Vitamin D (rare)
What is phosphate? - ANSWER✔️an intracellular anion;
inverse relationship to calcium;
important in energy production
What is magnesium? - ANSWER✔️ICF cation;
S&S similar to calcium
What is chloride? - ANSWER✔️ECF anion;
important in pH regulation;
HCl acid in stomach
What are the renal functions? - ANSWER✔️endocrine functions (activate vitamin D and
erythropoietin);
regulation of acid-base balance;
regulation of water and electrolyte balance;
regulation of blood volume and pressure;
filtering of waste products
What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? - ANSWER✔️amount of blood filtered by the
glomeruli (125 ml/min);
mostly reabsorbed;
circulating blood volume = 1200 ml/min;
urine production = 1 cc/min
Why do we need such a high GFR? - ANSWER✔️wastes are generally filtered and not secreted;
wastes are in low concentration in the blood;
|| QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) (LATEST UPDATE 2026) UPDATE!!
An older client with a history of congestive heart failure expresses concern about potential
exposure to tuberculosis (TB) from his or her roommate at the extended care facility. The
roommate coughs a great deal and sometimes spits up blood. Which is the primary reason that
the nurse pursues more information about the roommate? - ANSWER✔️TB adversely affects
older adults with chronic illness
When the clinic nurse is teaching a group of clients with heart failure (HF) about dietary
interventions to prevent fluid overload, which topic will be included? - ANSWER✔️Use of fresh
or frozen vegetables instead of canned ones / low sodium
Which action would the nurse take first when a client with heart failure has an episode of
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)? - ANSWER✔️Assist the client to sit on the edge of the
bed
,When caring for a client with a diagnosis of right ventricular heart failure, the nurse expects
which assessment findings? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. -
ANSWER✔️Dependent edema
Swollen hands and fingers
Right upper quadrant discomfort
The nurse's physical assessment of a client with heart failure reveals tachypnea and bilateral
crackles. Which is the priority nursing intervention? - ANSWER✔️Place client in a high-Fowler
position.
Which treatment would the nurse anticipate when caring for an infant with heart failure? -
ANSWER✔️Medications that are prescribed for both children and adults
Which feeding education would the nurse provide the parent of a 2-month-old infant with the
diagnosis of heart failure? - ANSWER✔️Feed slowly while allowing time for adequate periods of
rest
Which assessment finding would indicate improvement in a 4-month-old infant admitted to the
pediatric unit with a diagnosis of congestive heart failure? - ANSWER✔️Weight loss during next
2 days
The parent of an infant with heart failure questions the necessity of weighing the baby every
morning. Which would the nurse say that this daily information is important in determining? -
ANSWER✔️fluid retention
While auscultating the heart, a health care provider notices S 3 heart sounds in four clients.
Which client is at highest risk for heart failure? - ANSWER✔️Older adult client
Which assessment finding is a late sign of heart failure? - ANSWER✔️Peripheral edema
What is the prognosis of acute pyelonephritis? - ANSWER✔️renal scaring rare if treated properly
What are the S&S of chronic pyelonephritis? - ANSWER✔️often asymptomatic;
dysuria, vague flank pain
What is the prognosis of chronic pyelonephritis? - ANSWER✔️a leading cause of renal failure
What are the causes of urinary tract obstruction? - ANSWER✔️developmental defects;
calculi (stones);
pregnancy;
benign prostatic hyperplasia;
scar tissue resulting from infection and inflammation;
tumors;
neurologic disorders such as spinal cord injury
,What are some damaging effects of urinary obstruction? - ANSWER✔️stasis of urine;
predisposes to infection and stone formation;
development of back pressure;
interferes with renal blood flow and destroys kidney tissue
What is renal calculi? - ANSWER✔️common cause of urinary obstruction that forms when urine
volume is low or pH is abnormal;
may lead to infection, structural damage, hydronephrosis, and ischemic kidney damage;
most stones are calcium oxalate (phosphate)
What are the S&S of renal calculi? - ANSWER✔️asymptomatic when in renal pelvis;
when in ureter, intense ureteral colic;
abrupt onset, becomes increasingly severe;
unilateral;
may have nausea and vomiting
What is glomerulonephritis? - ANSWER✔️inflammation of the glomeruli caused by immune
processes (autoimmune, antigen-antibody deposition, toxins);
glomerular basement membrane damage causing decreased GFR
What are the causes of glomerulonephritis? - ANSWER✔️diseases that provoke a proliferative
inflammatory response of the endothelial, mesangial, or epithelial cells of the glomeruli;
the inflammatory process (damages the capillary wall, permits RBC's to escape into the urine,
produces hemodynamic changes that decrease the GFR)
What are the characteristics of glomerulonephritis? - ANSWER✔️hematuria with red cell casts;
a diminished glomerular filtration rate (GFR);
azotemia (presence of nitrogenous wastes in the blood);
oliguria;
hypertension
What is nephrotic syndrome? - ANSWER✔️collection of S&S caused by increased glomerular
capillary wall permeability to proteins
What is the etiology of nephrotic syndrome? - ANSWER✔️glomerulonephritis;
diabetic nephropathy;
minimal change disease;
glomerulosclerosis
What are the characteristics of nephrotic syndrome? - ANSWER✔️ongoing leaky basement
membrane;
proteinura > 3.5 g in 24 hr;
hypoalbuminemia;
generalized edema;
hyperlipidemia;
, usually self-limiting
What is renal failure? - ANSWER✔️a condition in which the kidneys fail to remove metabolic
end products from the blood and regulate the fluid, electrolyte, and pH balance of the
extracellular fluids
What are the manifestations of hypercalcemia? - ANSWER✔️nausea, vomiting, constipation;
polyuria, polydipsia;
muscle weakness and atrophy;
osteoporosis;
hypertension, dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest
What is the cause of hypercalcemia? - ANSWER✔️hyperparathyroidism;
malignant tumors- cancer tumors release hormone similar to parathyroid hormone;
high calcium ingestion- turns or antacids;
prolonged immobility- you need weight-bearing to strengthen the bones, if not calcium will leak
out;
excessive Vitamin D (rare)
What is phosphate? - ANSWER✔️an intracellular anion;
inverse relationship to calcium;
important in energy production
What is magnesium? - ANSWER✔️ICF cation;
S&S similar to calcium
What is chloride? - ANSWER✔️ECF anion;
important in pH regulation;
HCl acid in stomach
What are the renal functions? - ANSWER✔️endocrine functions (activate vitamin D and
erythropoietin);
regulation of acid-base balance;
regulation of water and electrolyte balance;
regulation of blood volume and pressure;
filtering of waste products
What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? - ANSWER✔️amount of blood filtered by the
glomeruli (125 ml/min);
mostly reabsorbed;
circulating blood volume = 1200 ml/min;
urine production = 1 cc/min
Why do we need such a high GFR? - ANSWER✔️wastes are generally filtered and not secreted;
wastes are in low concentration in the blood;
