Solutions for Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals
and Applications 4th Edition by Cengel | All 15
Chapters Covered
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Chapter 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts
SOLUTIONS FOR
FLUID MECHANICS
FUNDAMENTALS AND
APPLICATIONS 4TH
EDITION BY CENGEL |
ALL 15 CHAPTERS
1-1
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
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Chapter 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1) Introduction and Basic Concepts
2) Properties of Fluids
3) Pressure and Fluid Statics
4) Fluid Kinematics
5) Bernoulli and Energy Equations
6) Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems
7) Dimensional Analysis and Modeling
8) Internal Flow
9) Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow
10) Approximate Solutions of the Navier-Stokes Equation
11) External Flow: Drag and Lift
12) Compressible Flow
13) Open-Channel Flow
14) Turbomachinery
15) Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics
1-2
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
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Chapter 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts
Introduction, Classification, and System
15-1 C
Solution We are to define a fluid and how it differs between a solid and a gas.
Analysis A substance in the liquid or gas phase is referred to as a fluid. A fluid differs from a solid in that a
solid can resist an applied shear stress by deforming, whereas a fluid deforms continuously under the influence of shear
stress, no matter how small. A liquid takes the shape of the container it is in, and a liquid forms a free surface in a larger
container in a gravitational field. A gas, on the other hand, expands until it encounters the walls of the container and fills
the entire available space.
Discussion The subject of fluid mechanics deals with ball fluids, both gases and liquids.
15-2 C
Solution We are to determine whether the flow of air over the wings of an aircraft and the flow of gases through a jet
engine is internal or external.
Analysis The flow of air over the wings of an aircraft is external since this is an unbounded fluid flow over a
surface. The flow of gases through a jet engine is internal flow since the fluid is completely bounded by the solid surfaces
of the engine.
Discussion If we consider the entire airplane, the flow is both internal (through the jet engines) and external (over the
body and wings).
15-3 C
Solution We are to define incompressible and compressible flow, and discuss fluid compressibility.
Analysis A fluid flow during which the density of the fluid remains nearly constant is called incompressible flow.
A flow in which density varies significantly is called compressible flow. A fluid whose density is practically independent
of pressure (such as a liquid) is commonly referred to as an “incompressible fluid,” although it is more proper to refer to
incompressible flow. The flow of compressible fluid (such as air) does not necessarily need to be treated as compressible
since the density of a compressible fluid may still remain nearly constant during flow – especially flow at low speeds.
Discussion It turns out that the Mach number is the critical parameter to determine whether the flow of a gas can be
approximated as an incompressible flow. If Ma is less than about 0.3, the incompressible approximation yields results that
are in error by less than a couple percent.
15-4 C
Solution We are to define internal, external, and open-channel flows.
Analysis External flow is the flow of an unbounded fluid over a surface such as a plate, a wire, or a pipe. The flow
in a pipe or duct is internal flow if the fluid is completely bounded by solid surfaces. The flow of liquids in a pipe is
called open-channel flow if the pipe is partially filled with the liquid and there is a free surface, such as the flow of
water in rivers and irrigation ditches.
Discussion As we shall see in later chapters, different approximations are used in the analysis of fluid flows based on
their classification.
1-3
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and Applications 4th Edition by Cengel | All 15
Chapters Covered
written by
bestsolutions1
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At Stuvia, you will find the best notes, summaries, flashcards & other study material. Search for your
school or uni and find the study material you need.
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Chapter 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts
SOLUTIONS FOR
FLUID MECHANICS
FUNDAMENTALS AND
APPLICATIONS 4TH
EDITION BY CENGEL |
ALL 15 CHAPTERS
1-1
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
Downloaded by: bestsolutions1 | Want to earn $1.236
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Chapter 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1) Introduction and Basic Concepts
2) Properties of Fluids
3) Pressure and Fluid Statics
4) Fluid Kinematics
5) Bernoulli and Energy Equations
6) Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems
7) Dimensional Analysis and Modeling
8) Internal Flow
9) Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow
10) Approximate Solutions of the Navier-Stokes Equation
11) External Flow: Drag and Lift
12) Compressible Flow
13) Open-Channel Flow
14) Turbomachinery
15) Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics
1-2
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
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Chapter 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts
Introduction, Classification, and System
15-1 C
Solution We are to define a fluid and how it differs between a solid and a gas.
Analysis A substance in the liquid or gas phase is referred to as a fluid. A fluid differs from a solid in that a
solid can resist an applied shear stress by deforming, whereas a fluid deforms continuously under the influence of shear
stress, no matter how small. A liquid takes the shape of the container it is in, and a liquid forms a free surface in a larger
container in a gravitational field. A gas, on the other hand, expands until it encounters the walls of the container and fills
the entire available space.
Discussion The subject of fluid mechanics deals with ball fluids, both gases and liquids.
15-2 C
Solution We are to determine whether the flow of air over the wings of an aircraft and the flow of gases through a jet
engine is internal or external.
Analysis The flow of air over the wings of an aircraft is external since this is an unbounded fluid flow over a
surface. The flow of gases through a jet engine is internal flow since the fluid is completely bounded by the solid surfaces
of the engine.
Discussion If we consider the entire airplane, the flow is both internal (through the jet engines) and external (over the
body and wings).
15-3 C
Solution We are to define incompressible and compressible flow, and discuss fluid compressibility.
Analysis A fluid flow during which the density of the fluid remains nearly constant is called incompressible flow.
A flow in which density varies significantly is called compressible flow. A fluid whose density is practically independent
of pressure (such as a liquid) is commonly referred to as an “incompressible fluid,” although it is more proper to refer to
incompressible flow. The flow of compressible fluid (such as air) does not necessarily need to be treated as compressible
since the density of a compressible fluid may still remain nearly constant during flow – especially flow at low speeds.
Discussion It turns out that the Mach number is the critical parameter to determine whether the flow of a gas can be
approximated as an incompressible flow. If Ma is less than about 0.3, the incompressible approximation yields results that
are in error by less than a couple percent.
15-4 C
Solution We are to define internal, external, and open-channel flows.
Analysis External flow is the flow of an unbounded fluid over a surface such as a plate, a wire, or a pipe. The flow
in a pipe or duct is internal flow if the fluid is completely bounded by solid surfaces. The flow of liquids in a pipe is
called open-channel flow if the pipe is partially filled with the liquid and there is a free surface, such as the flow of
water in rivers and irrigation ditches.
Discussion As we shall see in later chapters, different approximations are used in the analysis of fluid flows based on
their classification.
1-3
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
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