Org: Formation Methods and aims Successes ✅ Failures ❌
Background
CORE - Congress of racial
equality
- emphasized interracial cooperation (originally rooted in pacifism) - Freedom Rides 1961 – as they forced the FG
to act led the Interstate Commerce Commission
- Shift to black nationalism –
embracing black power – alienated
- founded in Chicago to enforce desegregation in bus terminals - many white supporters – weakened
in 1942 - Sit ins – they would occupy seats in racially segregated areas such as highlighted the power of nonviolent direct action it’s standing amongst other
- grew out of the restaurants, movies, and would refuse to give their sets up until they and media exposure. It also pressured the organisations – reduced
Fellowship of were served Kennedy administration to support civil rights membership and financial support
Reconciliation (FOR), legislation more actively
a Christian pacifist
group that - Freedom Rides – 1947 – when 8 white activists challenged -life did not improve for all AAs
advocated segregation on buses in the south - activists riding interstate buses -March on Washington 1964 – increased
nonviolent activism through the South to challenge the non-enforcement of Supreme Court pressure on congress to pass CR legislation (often
- founders of CORE decisions that ruled segregated public buses unconstitutional. Activists seen as a turning point that directly contributed -prejudice and DeFacto segregation
were inspired by would sit in integrated groups on buses, often facing violence and to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and continue to exist
Ghandi’s nonviolent arrests. Ruled segregation in buses unconstitutional the Voting Rights Act of 1965)
resistance
-failed to address poverty in the
- participated in boycotts, rallies and marches (often in coalition with -Freedom Summer 1964 – laid groundwork for long run
other CR groups) the 1965 Voting Rights Act due to lack of
attention for black voting rights (prohibiting racial
discrimination in voting)
-Voter registration drives – worked on efforts to register AA voters –
Freedom summer in Mississippi many AAs went to assist in voter
registration -desegregation in businesses and schools such as
in cities like Chicago, Detroit, Cleaveland
AIMS: to end Jim Crow laws, ensure voting rights, economic justice
(better job opportunities, better wages and education)
SCLC -founded by MLK in
1957 in the wake of
-they sought to harness the moral authority and organising power of
Southern Black churches to mobilise mass participation in CR protests
-set a precedent for MLK’s leadership success -campaigns in north were less
successful - Chicago Freedom
the Montgomery bus Movement was unable to produce
boycott – initiated -Birmingham Campaign 1963 – aiming to end the same legislative victories as
after Rosa Parks -rejected militant approaches of groups like the Black Panthers focusing segregation in Birmingham, Alabama – resulted in campaigns in the South, and many
instead on nonviolent civil disobedience, such as marches, boycotts, and desegregation of public facilities – being a key saw it as a failure of the SCLC to
sit-ins, in the fight against racial injustice factor in building the momentum for the passage adapt to different urban dynamics
-roots deeply of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
intertwined with the
black church -main method was “nonviolent direct action” -after the acts they had lost their
-March on Washington 1963 – where 250,000 momentum
people attended helping to build public support
-believed in christian -Taught to remain to be peaceful even when faced with violence form for civil rights legislation
nonviolence segregationists -nonviolence and integration was
seen as too moderate by some
-Selma to Montgomery Marches 1965 – outlawed
-inspired by the -they aimed to mobilise mass support through the black church network discriminatory voting practices
teachings of Jesus - As the movement shifted towards
and Gandhi Black Power and more radical
-sought to transform the average black citizen into a nonviolent activist -Achievements were essential to the forms of protest, the SCLC
establishment for the – 1964 CR act and VR Act struggled to remain relevant
1965 among younger activists
-provided citizenship and education wanting to increase voter
registration, also had voter registration drives
-their broader aim was to eradicate the Jim Crow laws that enforced
segregation in the south
- had sit ins, boycotts
UNIA -founded in 1914 in
Kingston Jamaica by
-promoted economic independence and self-reliance -fostered a sense on Black Pride and
consciousness amongst millions of AAs around
-Black star line failure – due to poor
management lack of maritime
Marcus Garvey the world – for example “Black is beautiful” experience and potential sabotage
Background
CORE - Congress of racial
equality
- emphasized interracial cooperation (originally rooted in pacifism) - Freedom Rides 1961 – as they forced the FG
to act led the Interstate Commerce Commission
- Shift to black nationalism –
embracing black power – alienated
- founded in Chicago to enforce desegregation in bus terminals - many white supporters – weakened
in 1942 - Sit ins – they would occupy seats in racially segregated areas such as highlighted the power of nonviolent direct action it’s standing amongst other
- grew out of the restaurants, movies, and would refuse to give their sets up until they and media exposure. It also pressured the organisations – reduced
Fellowship of were served Kennedy administration to support civil rights membership and financial support
Reconciliation (FOR), legislation more actively
a Christian pacifist
group that - Freedom Rides – 1947 – when 8 white activists challenged -life did not improve for all AAs
advocated segregation on buses in the south - activists riding interstate buses -March on Washington 1964 – increased
nonviolent activism through the South to challenge the non-enforcement of Supreme Court pressure on congress to pass CR legislation (often
- founders of CORE decisions that ruled segregated public buses unconstitutional. Activists seen as a turning point that directly contributed -prejudice and DeFacto segregation
were inspired by would sit in integrated groups on buses, often facing violence and to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and continue to exist
Ghandi’s nonviolent arrests. Ruled segregation in buses unconstitutional the Voting Rights Act of 1965)
resistance
-failed to address poverty in the
- participated in boycotts, rallies and marches (often in coalition with -Freedom Summer 1964 – laid groundwork for long run
other CR groups) the 1965 Voting Rights Act due to lack of
attention for black voting rights (prohibiting racial
discrimination in voting)
-Voter registration drives – worked on efforts to register AA voters –
Freedom summer in Mississippi many AAs went to assist in voter
registration -desegregation in businesses and schools such as
in cities like Chicago, Detroit, Cleaveland
AIMS: to end Jim Crow laws, ensure voting rights, economic justice
(better job opportunities, better wages and education)
SCLC -founded by MLK in
1957 in the wake of
-they sought to harness the moral authority and organising power of
Southern Black churches to mobilise mass participation in CR protests
-set a precedent for MLK’s leadership success -campaigns in north were less
successful - Chicago Freedom
the Montgomery bus Movement was unable to produce
boycott – initiated -Birmingham Campaign 1963 – aiming to end the same legislative victories as
after Rosa Parks -rejected militant approaches of groups like the Black Panthers focusing segregation in Birmingham, Alabama – resulted in campaigns in the South, and many
instead on nonviolent civil disobedience, such as marches, boycotts, and desegregation of public facilities – being a key saw it as a failure of the SCLC to
sit-ins, in the fight against racial injustice factor in building the momentum for the passage adapt to different urban dynamics
-roots deeply of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
intertwined with the
black church -main method was “nonviolent direct action” -after the acts they had lost their
-March on Washington 1963 – where 250,000 momentum
people attended helping to build public support
-believed in christian -Taught to remain to be peaceful even when faced with violence form for civil rights legislation
nonviolence segregationists -nonviolence and integration was
seen as too moderate by some
-Selma to Montgomery Marches 1965 – outlawed
-inspired by the -they aimed to mobilise mass support through the black church network discriminatory voting practices
teachings of Jesus - As the movement shifted towards
and Gandhi Black Power and more radical
-sought to transform the average black citizen into a nonviolent activist -Achievements were essential to the forms of protest, the SCLC
establishment for the – 1964 CR act and VR Act struggled to remain relevant
1965 among younger activists
-provided citizenship and education wanting to increase voter
registration, also had voter registration drives
-their broader aim was to eradicate the Jim Crow laws that enforced
segregation in the south
- had sit ins, boycotts
UNIA -founded in 1914 in
Kingston Jamaica by
-promoted economic independence and self-reliance -fostered a sense on Black Pride and
consciousness amongst millions of AAs around
-Black star line failure – due to poor
management lack of maritime
Marcus Garvey the world – for example “Black is beautiful” experience and potential sabotage
