ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1
COMPREHENSIVE FINAL STUDY
GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+ FOR 2027
ASSURED EXCELL
Define anatomy and physiology. - CORRECT ANSWERS-Branches of biology concerned with the
form and functions of the body.
What is metabolism? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Sum total of all physical and chemical reactions
occurring in the living body.
What are the levels of organization of the body, from smallest to largest? What is the smallest
level of organization that we consider alive? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Chemical, Organelle, Cellular,
tissues, organs, and system. The smallest level is the chemical.
Define molecule, organelle, tissue, organ and organ system. - CORRECT ANSWERS-1) Molecule:
two or more atoms chemically joined together.
2)Organelle: a tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within a cell.
3)Tissue: a group of biological cells that perform a similar function.
4) Organ: structure composed of two or more tissue types that perform a specific function for
the body.
5) Organ System: a group of organs that act together to perform a particular body function
Define the directional terms for the body. - CORRECT ANSWERS-Superior and inferior - toward
head/feet
Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) - toward front/back
Medial and lateral - toward midline/sides
,Proximal and distal - toward/away from trunk
Superficial and deep - toward/away from surface
What is homeostasis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-The ability to maintain relatively stable internal
conditions
What does a negative and positve feedback loop do? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Negative:
Responsible for maintaining homeostasis
Positive: disrupt homeostasis.
Which three particles are atoms made of? What is the charge of each subatomic particle? -
CORRECT ANSWERS-Protons - positive charged. Neutrons - neutral. Electrons - Negative
charged.
What is the atomic number? What is the mass number? Note: the term "atomic weight" is the
same as "mass number". - CORRECT ANSWERS-1) Atomic number - identifies an atom.
2) Mass Number - numbers of particles in nucleus. Energy
Ex: Carbon 12 ( number on top - mass= protons + neutrons) 6 (number on bottom Atomic
number = protons)
What are the three kinds of chemical bonds? How is each type of bond created? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-Ionic- Electrons are transferred from one atom to another
Covalent- atoms share electrons
Hydrogen-weakest bond formed when electrons are unequally distributed
What is pH? What is an acid and a base? What is a buffer? - CORRECT ANSWERS-1) pH -
measures of how acidic/basic water is.
2) Acids - Substances that release a hydrogen ion(H+) when in solution - proton donors.
, Base - Electrolytes that combine with hydrogen ions or electrolytes that dissociate to yield
hydroxide ions.
3) Buffer-Chemicals that prevent changes in pH
How do phospholipids form membranes? - CORRECT ANSWERS-bilayers that make up cell
membranes.
Whatgisgagcell?gWhatgisgthegplasmagmembrane?gWhatgaregorganelles?gWhatgisgthegnucleus?g-
ggCORRECTgANSWERS-1)Cell-gStructuralgandgfunctionalgunitgofglife.
2)Plasmagmembrane-gAKAg"cellgmembrane"g-gskingofgthegcellgcontentsgfromgenvironment.
3)gOrganelles-
gtinygstructuresgthegperformgfunctionsgingcellsgsuchgasgproducinggenergygandgmanufacturinggpro
teins.g
4)Nucleus:gAKAg"Contolgcenter"g-gcontainsgDNA
Whatgisgthegfunctiongofgthegribosomes?g-ggCORRECTgANSWERS-Makegproteins.
Whatgareglysosomes?gWhatgaregmitochondria?g
Defineghypertonic,gisotonicgandghypotonicg-ggCORRECTgANSWERS-
1)gLysosomes:gThegcell'sgowngdigestivegsystem.
2)gMitochondria:gTheg"powergplants"gofgcellsg-gmakegATPgforgcell
3)gHypertonic:g"more/ghigher"-gsolutiongwithgmoregsolute.g
4)gIsotonic:g"equal"g-g2gsolutionsghavegthegsamegsolute.g
5)gHypotonicg-g"low"-gsolutiongwithglessgsolute.
Whatgisgagcatalyst?gWhatgisgangenzyme?gCangenzymesgbegreusedgaftergagchemicalgreactionghapp
ens?g-ggCORRECTgANSWERS-
1)gCatalyst:gagsubstancegthatgincreasesgthegrategofgagchemicalgreactiongwithoutgbeinggconsumed
gingthegreaction.g
COMPREHENSIVE FINAL STUDY
GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+ FOR 2027
ASSURED EXCELL
Define anatomy and physiology. - CORRECT ANSWERS-Branches of biology concerned with the
form and functions of the body.
What is metabolism? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Sum total of all physical and chemical reactions
occurring in the living body.
What are the levels of organization of the body, from smallest to largest? What is the smallest
level of organization that we consider alive? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Chemical, Organelle, Cellular,
tissues, organs, and system. The smallest level is the chemical.
Define molecule, organelle, tissue, organ and organ system. - CORRECT ANSWERS-1) Molecule:
two or more atoms chemically joined together.
2)Organelle: a tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within a cell.
3)Tissue: a group of biological cells that perform a similar function.
4) Organ: structure composed of two or more tissue types that perform a specific function for
the body.
5) Organ System: a group of organs that act together to perform a particular body function
Define the directional terms for the body. - CORRECT ANSWERS-Superior and inferior - toward
head/feet
Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) - toward front/back
Medial and lateral - toward midline/sides
,Proximal and distal - toward/away from trunk
Superficial and deep - toward/away from surface
What is homeostasis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-The ability to maintain relatively stable internal
conditions
What does a negative and positve feedback loop do? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Negative:
Responsible for maintaining homeostasis
Positive: disrupt homeostasis.
Which three particles are atoms made of? What is the charge of each subatomic particle? -
CORRECT ANSWERS-Protons - positive charged. Neutrons - neutral. Electrons - Negative
charged.
What is the atomic number? What is the mass number? Note: the term "atomic weight" is the
same as "mass number". - CORRECT ANSWERS-1) Atomic number - identifies an atom.
2) Mass Number - numbers of particles in nucleus. Energy
Ex: Carbon 12 ( number on top - mass= protons + neutrons) 6 (number on bottom Atomic
number = protons)
What are the three kinds of chemical bonds? How is each type of bond created? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-Ionic- Electrons are transferred from one atom to another
Covalent- atoms share electrons
Hydrogen-weakest bond formed when electrons are unequally distributed
What is pH? What is an acid and a base? What is a buffer? - CORRECT ANSWERS-1) pH -
measures of how acidic/basic water is.
2) Acids - Substances that release a hydrogen ion(H+) when in solution - proton donors.
, Base - Electrolytes that combine with hydrogen ions or electrolytes that dissociate to yield
hydroxide ions.
3) Buffer-Chemicals that prevent changes in pH
How do phospholipids form membranes? - CORRECT ANSWERS-bilayers that make up cell
membranes.
Whatgisgagcell?gWhatgisgthegplasmagmembrane?gWhatgaregorganelles?gWhatgisgthegnucleus?g-
ggCORRECTgANSWERS-1)Cell-gStructuralgandgfunctionalgunitgofglife.
2)Plasmagmembrane-gAKAg"cellgmembrane"g-gskingofgthegcellgcontentsgfromgenvironment.
3)gOrganelles-
gtinygstructuresgthegperformgfunctionsgingcellsgsuchgasgproducinggenergygandgmanufacturinggpro
teins.g
4)Nucleus:gAKAg"Contolgcenter"g-gcontainsgDNA
Whatgisgthegfunctiongofgthegribosomes?g-ggCORRECTgANSWERS-Makegproteins.
Whatgareglysosomes?gWhatgaregmitochondria?g
Defineghypertonic,gisotonicgandghypotonicg-ggCORRECTgANSWERS-
1)gLysosomes:gThegcell'sgowngdigestivegsystem.
2)gMitochondria:gTheg"powergplants"gofgcellsg-gmakegATPgforgcell
3)gHypertonic:g"more/ghigher"-gsolutiongwithgmoregsolute.g
4)gIsotonic:g"equal"g-g2gsolutionsghavegthegsamegsolute.g
5)gHypotonicg-g"low"-gsolutiongwithglessgsolute.
Whatgisgagcatalyst?gWhatgisgangenzyme?gCangenzymesgbegreusedgaftergagchemicalgreactionghapp
ens?g-ggCORRECTgANSWERS-
1)gCatalyst:gagsubstancegthatgincreasesgthegrategofgagchemicalgreactiongwithoutgbeinggconsumed
gingthegreaction.g
