High-Yield Cardiology, Respiratory, and
Urinary System Review for Students
With 100% verified Questions and Correct
Answers with Rationales 2026/2027
Perfusion - Answer--Blood flow through tissues delivering oxygen and nutrients
Perfusion units - Answer--Milliliters per minute per gram
Right side of heart - Answer--Receives deoxygenated blood from body and pumps it
to lungs
Left side of heart - Answer--Receives oxygenated blood from lungs and pumps it to
body
Atria - Answer--Receive blood entering the heart
Ventricles - Answer--Pump blood out of the heart
Atrioventricular valves - Answer--Prevent backflow into atria
Semilunar valves - Answer--Prevent backflow into ventricles
Pulmonary circulation - Answer--Heart to lungs to heart
Systemic circulation - Answer--Heart to body to heart
Coronary circulation - Answer--Supplies heart muscle with oxygen
Pericardial sac - Answer--Fibrous and serous layers with fluid
Heart layers - Answer--Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
Thickest myocardium - Answer--Left ventricle because it pumps to entire body
SA node - Answer--Pacemaker of the heart
AV node - Answer--Delays electrical signal
, Conduction pathway (memorize order) - Answer--SA node → AV node → AV bundle
→ bundle branches → Purkinje fibers
Pacemaker potential - Answer--Spontaneous depolarization that starts heartbeat
Intercalated discs - Answer--Connections between cardiac cells with gap junctions
and desmosomes
Why cardiac muscle cannot tetanize - Answer--Long refractory period prevents
continuous contraction
Electrocardiogram - Answer--Measures electrical activity of the heart
Not seen on ECG - Answer--Atrial repolarization
Cardiac cycle - Answer--One complete heartbeat
Systole - Answer--Contraction
Diastole - Answer--Relaxation
Cardiac output - Answer--Heart rate multiplied by stroke volume
Stroke volume - Answer--Blood pumped per beat
Plasma - Answer--Liquid part of blood with proteins and nutrients
Formed elements - Answer--Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Arteries - Answer--Thick walls, high pressure, more smooth muscle
Veins - Answer--Thin walls, valves, low pressure
Capillaries - Answer--Exchange of gases and nutrients
Filtration (capillaries) - Answer--Fluid moves out due to pressure
Reabsorption (capillaries) - Answer--Fluid moves back due to osmotic forces
Capillary types - Answer--Continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal
Hemostasis stages - Answer--Vascular spasm, platelet plug, coagulation
Urinary System Review for Students
With 100% verified Questions and Correct
Answers with Rationales 2026/2027
Perfusion - Answer--Blood flow through tissues delivering oxygen and nutrients
Perfusion units - Answer--Milliliters per minute per gram
Right side of heart - Answer--Receives deoxygenated blood from body and pumps it
to lungs
Left side of heart - Answer--Receives oxygenated blood from lungs and pumps it to
body
Atria - Answer--Receive blood entering the heart
Ventricles - Answer--Pump blood out of the heart
Atrioventricular valves - Answer--Prevent backflow into atria
Semilunar valves - Answer--Prevent backflow into ventricles
Pulmonary circulation - Answer--Heart to lungs to heart
Systemic circulation - Answer--Heart to body to heart
Coronary circulation - Answer--Supplies heart muscle with oxygen
Pericardial sac - Answer--Fibrous and serous layers with fluid
Heart layers - Answer--Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
Thickest myocardium - Answer--Left ventricle because it pumps to entire body
SA node - Answer--Pacemaker of the heart
AV node - Answer--Delays electrical signal
, Conduction pathway (memorize order) - Answer--SA node → AV node → AV bundle
→ bundle branches → Purkinje fibers
Pacemaker potential - Answer--Spontaneous depolarization that starts heartbeat
Intercalated discs - Answer--Connections between cardiac cells with gap junctions
and desmosomes
Why cardiac muscle cannot tetanize - Answer--Long refractory period prevents
continuous contraction
Electrocardiogram - Answer--Measures electrical activity of the heart
Not seen on ECG - Answer--Atrial repolarization
Cardiac cycle - Answer--One complete heartbeat
Systole - Answer--Contraction
Diastole - Answer--Relaxation
Cardiac output - Answer--Heart rate multiplied by stroke volume
Stroke volume - Answer--Blood pumped per beat
Plasma - Answer--Liquid part of blood with proteins and nutrients
Formed elements - Answer--Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Arteries - Answer--Thick walls, high pressure, more smooth muscle
Veins - Answer--Thin walls, valves, low pressure
Capillaries - Answer--Exchange of gases and nutrients
Filtration (capillaries) - Answer--Fluid moves out due to pressure
Reabsorption (capillaries) - Answer--Fluid moves back due to osmotic forces
Capillary types - Answer--Continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal
Hemostasis stages - Answer--Vascular spasm, platelet plug, coagulation
