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Samenvatting Management Accounting | VUB | 2025/2026

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Samenvatting Management Accounting | Handelsingenieur en TEW | Deze samenvatting is opgesteld op basis van de slides én persoonlijke notities uit de lessen, inclusief wat prof. Ceustermans zelf benadrukte in de les. Wat krijg je? • Gebaseerd op de officiële slides van prof. Stefanie Ceustermans • Aangevuld met lesnotities en mondelinge uitleg van de prof • Duidelijk en gestructureerd samengevat Academiejaar: 2025–2026

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VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL ACADEMIEJAAR: 2025-2026




Management accounting
1 Basic concepts..................................................................................................3
1.1 Wat is Managerial Accounting? ............................................................................ 3
1.1.1 Management accounting and your career .............................................................................. 3
1.1.2 Roles of accounting information ........................................................................................... 5
1.1.3 Management by exception ................................................................................................... 6
1.1.4 Accounting’s position in the organization .............................................................................. 6

1.2 How do costs behave? ......................................................................................... 8
1.2.1 Identifying activities, resources, costs and cost drivers .......................................................... 8
1.2.2 Variable-cost and fixed-cost behavior ................................................................................... 8
1.2.3 Cost behavior: further considerations ................................................................................... 9
1.2.4 Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Analysis ...................................................................................... 10
1.2.5 Additional uses of CVP analysis .......................................................................................... 13

1.3 How are costs measured? ..................................................................................15
1.3.1 Management influence on cost behavior ............................................................................. 15
1.3.2 Kostenfuncties .................................................................................................................. 15
1.3.3 Methods of measuring cost functions ................................................................................. 16

2 Decision making .............................................................................................. 19
2.1 Marketing decisions ...........................................................................................19
2.1.1 The concept of relevance ................................................................................................... 19
2.1.2 Pricing special sales orders ................................................................................................ 20

2.2 Production decisions .........................................................................................22
2.2.1 Analyzing relevant information: focusing on the future and differential attributes ................... 22
2.2.2 Make-or-buy decisions ....................................................................................................... 22
2.2.3 Product-mix decisions ....................................................................................................... 24
2.2.4 Sell or process further decisions ......................................................................................... 25
2.2.5 Keeping or replacing equipment → the irrelevance of past costs (sunk costs) ........................ 26

3 Product costing ............................................................................................... 27
3.1 Cost accumulation and cost allocation ...............................................................27
3.1.1 Cost management systems & cost accounting systems ....................................................... 27
3.1.2 Cost terms used for strategic decision making ..................................................................... 27
3.1.3 Cost terms used for external purposes ................................................................................ 29
3.1.4 A general framework for cost allocation ............................................................................... 30
3.1.5 Allocation for service department costs .............................................................................. 31
3.1.6 Allocating service department costs to producing departments ........................................... 33

3.2 Traditional approach versus Activity-based Costing..............................................35
3.2.1 Traditional and Acitivity-based cost accounting .................................................................. 35
3.2.2 Activity-based management: a cost management system tool ............................................. 36


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,VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL ACADEMIEJAAR: 2025-2026


3.2.3 An ABC approach .............................................................................................................. 36

3.3 Overhead costs..................................................................................................37
3.3.1 Accounting for factory overhead ......................................................................................... 37
3.3.2 Problems of overhead application ...................................................................................... 38
3.3.3 Variable versus absorption costing ..................................................................................... 38

3.4 Job-order and Process Costing............................................................................40
3.4.1 Distinction between job-order costing and process costing .................................................. 40
3.4.2 Process costing basics ....................................................................................................... 40
3.4.3 Application of process costing ............................................................................................ 41
3.4.4 Effects of beginning inventories: weighted average method .................................................. 42

4 Budgeting ........................................................................................................ 43
4.1 Static budgets: the Master budget .......................................................................43
4.1.1 Budgets and the organization ............................................................................................. 43
4.1.2 Types of budgets ................................................................................................................ 44
4.1.3 Preparing the master budget .............................................................................................. 45

4.2 Flexible budgets ................................................................................................48
4.2.1 Using budgets and variances to evaluate results .................................................................. 48
4.2.2 The role of standards in determining variances .................................................................... 50
4.2.3 Finding explanations for variances ...................................................................................... 50
4.2.4 More detailed analysis of flexible budget variances .............................................................. 51




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, VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL ACADEMIEJAAR: 2025-2026



1 Basic concepts
1.1 Wat is Managerial Accounting?
1.1.1 Management accounting and your career
Management accounting Financial accounting
Het verzamelen, analyseren en Identificatie, registratie en samenvatting
interpreteren van financiële en niet- van financiële informatie en rapporteering
financiële informatie om managers te naar externe belanghebbenden in de vorm
helpen betere beslissingen te nemen voor van een jaarrekening (= balans &
de organisatie. resultatenrekening + toelichting).
Bv: kostprijsboekhouding, Externe belanghebbenden zijn
kostprijscalculatie en -allocatie, … aandeelhouders/ beleggers, crediteuren,
klanten, fiscus…
De jaarrekening bestaat uit een balans (=
waar staat de onderneming op een
bepaalde dag?), een resultatenrekening (=
hoe deed de onderneming het over een
bepaalde periode?) en een toelichting




Boekhoudkundige gelijkheid: Active = Passiva
In de resultatenrekening zijn er 2 aanpakken die je kan hanteren:
1. Toerekeningsaanpak dat te maken heeft met opbrengsten en kosten
• Realisatieprincipe: boeken als de opbrengst/ kost gerealiseerd is
o Ze zijn verdiend = product/ dienst is geleverd
o Ze zijn geconcretiseerd = je hebt (een belofte tot) geld gekregen
• Matchingsprincipe: kosten/ opbrengsten worden toegewezen aan dezelfde
periode die deze genereren


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, VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL ACADEMIEJAAR: 2025-2026


2. Kasaanpak registreert kosten/ opbrengsten alleen wanneer geld effectief wordt
ontvangen of betaald
Enkele financiële begrippen:
• Kapitaalinbreng (kapitaalverhoging): investeerder brengt geld in → geen
opbrengst/kost (dus niet in resultatenrekening)
• Lening: geen opbrengst of kost
• Afbetaling lening: geen kost → zowel de winst als de geldhoeveelheid (A) zakken
• Interest op lening: een kost
• Investering: de investering zelf is geen kost
• Afschrijving: een kost

Management accounting = identificatie en registratie van financiële informatie die
(interne) managers gebruiken om beslissingen te nemen op die manier de
ondernemingsdoelstellingen te bereiken
Ontstaan van management accounting?
• Industriële revolutie: groei van ondernemingen (multinationals)
• Globalisatie: meer en meer concurrentie
o Meer nood aan volledige, objectieve en transparante informatie voor het
besturen van het bedrijf
o Kostenbeheersing
o Verantwoording (rapporteren aan de manager boven je)



Financial accounting Managerial accounting
Voornaamste Externen: aandeelhouders, Intern: managers en werknemers
gebruikers crediteuren, klanten, overheid,…
Beperkingen Gereguleerd; strenge vormvereisten Geen regels; systemen en
informatie bepaald door
management om aan strategische
en operationele behoeften te
voldoen
Doel Verslaggeving over het presteren in Informatie verschaffen voor
het verleden aan externe partijen interne besluiten; terugkoppeling
en controle over het operationele
presteren
Tijdigheid Vertraagd, historisch Actueel, toekomstgericht
Omvang Samenvatting; verslag over de Gedetailleerd; informatie voor
volledige organisatie interne beslissingen en acties




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