NUR 5461 Exam 1 | Questions and Answers Latest Updated
2026 (Graded A+)-William Paterson University
Chapter 28: Structure and Function of the Hematologic System
Review Questions
1. Which statement is true regarding the constituents of blood?
a. Blood volume in adults is approximately 6 quarts.
Explanation: The adult blood volume is approximately 5.5 or 6 quarts.
Plasma is made up of 8% dissolved substances and 92% water. Plasma
accounts for 50% to 55% of blood volume. Plasma differs from serum in that
serum is altered in the laboratory by removing fibrinogen and other clotting
factors.
2. Which blood component is responsible for the critical colloid oncotic
pressure?
a. Albumin
Explanation: Albumin molecules are large and do not freely diffuse through
the vascular endothelium, and therefore maintain the critical colloidal
osmotic pressure (or oncotic pressure) that regulates the passage of water
and solutes into the surrounding tissues. The immunoglobulins, including
gamma globulins, are responsible for fighting infection. Clotting factors are
responsible for the clotting cascade and the formation of blood clots.
3. Which statement is true regarding erythrocytes?
a. They are responsible for tissue oxygenation
Explanation: Erythrocytes carry hemoglobin and are responsible for tissue
oxygenation. Erythrocytes do not have a nucleus or mitochondria; therefore,
they cannot divide or synthesize proteins. Erythrocytes make up 42% to
48% of blood volume.
, 4. Which cells are the predominant cells of early inflammation?
a. Neutrophil
Explanation: The neutrophil is the earliest cell involved in inflammation.
Soon after bacterial invasion or tissue injury, neutrophils migrate out of the
capillaries and into the inflamed site. Monocytes, basophils, and eosinophils
may be part of the inflammatory response but are not the earlies cellular
response. Monocytes may mature into macrophages in the circulation and
migrate out of the vessels in response to infection or inflammation.
Basophils are often increased at sites of allergic inflammatory reactions and
parasitic infection, particularly exoparasitic (e.g., ticks) infection. Eosinophil
granules contain a variety of enzymes (e.g., histaminase) that helps control
the inflammatory processes.
5. Which blood component is responsible for lysis or the breakdown of
blood clots?
a. Fibrinolytic system
Explanation: The fibrinolytic system breaks down blood blots. Nitric oxide
causes vasodilation. The extrinsic pathway is activated when tissue factor is
released from damaged endothelial cells. Antithrombin III is a circulating
plasma protease inhibitor that inhibits thrombin and factor Xa.
6. Which statements are true regarding platelets? (select all that apply)
a. Platelets are disk-shaped cytoplasmic fragments
b. Platelets are formed by clumps of megakaryocytes
c. Platelets have a large nucleus
d. Platelets divide rapidly
, Explanation: Platelets are not cells but fragments of cytoplasmic
components. They are disk-shaped fragments that form from
megakaryocytes. They have no nucleus and cannot divide.
7. Which is a granulocyte? (select all that apply)
a. Neutrophil
b. Basophil
c. Eosinophil
d. Monocyte
e. Macrophage
Explanation: Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils are granulocytes.
Monocytes and macrophages are agranulocytes.
8. Which statements are true regarding lymph nodes? (select all that
apply)
a. Lymph nodes collect interstitial fluid
b. Lymph nodes are part of the hematologic and immune system
c. Eventually lymph nodes return lymph to circulation via the
inferior vena cava
d. Lymph nodes may enlarge and become tender as a result of
infection
e. Blood flows into the lymph nodes via the afferent lymph vessels
Explanation: Lymph nodes collect interstitial fluid and eventually return it
to circulation via the superior vena cava. Functionally, lymph nodes are part
of the hematologic and immune systems. Infection may result in lymph node
enlargement and tenderness (reactive lymph node). Blood flows into the
lymph nodes through the lymphatic artery, not the afferent lymph vessels.
2026 (Graded A+)-William Paterson University
Chapter 28: Structure and Function of the Hematologic System
Review Questions
1. Which statement is true regarding the constituents of blood?
a. Blood volume in adults is approximately 6 quarts.
Explanation: The adult blood volume is approximately 5.5 or 6 quarts.
Plasma is made up of 8% dissolved substances and 92% water. Plasma
accounts for 50% to 55% of blood volume. Plasma differs from serum in that
serum is altered in the laboratory by removing fibrinogen and other clotting
factors.
2. Which blood component is responsible for the critical colloid oncotic
pressure?
a. Albumin
Explanation: Albumin molecules are large and do not freely diffuse through
the vascular endothelium, and therefore maintain the critical colloidal
osmotic pressure (or oncotic pressure) that regulates the passage of water
and solutes into the surrounding tissues. The immunoglobulins, including
gamma globulins, are responsible for fighting infection. Clotting factors are
responsible for the clotting cascade and the formation of blood clots.
3. Which statement is true regarding erythrocytes?
a. They are responsible for tissue oxygenation
Explanation: Erythrocytes carry hemoglobin and are responsible for tissue
oxygenation. Erythrocytes do not have a nucleus or mitochondria; therefore,
they cannot divide or synthesize proteins. Erythrocytes make up 42% to
48% of blood volume.
, 4. Which cells are the predominant cells of early inflammation?
a. Neutrophil
Explanation: The neutrophil is the earliest cell involved in inflammation.
Soon after bacterial invasion or tissue injury, neutrophils migrate out of the
capillaries and into the inflamed site. Monocytes, basophils, and eosinophils
may be part of the inflammatory response but are not the earlies cellular
response. Monocytes may mature into macrophages in the circulation and
migrate out of the vessels in response to infection or inflammation.
Basophils are often increased at sites of allergic inflammatory reactions and
parasitic infection, particularly exoparasitic (e.g., ticks) infection. Eosinophil
granules contain a variety of enzymes (e.g., histaminase) that helps control
the inflammatory processes.
5. Which blood component is responsible for lysis or the breakdown of
blood clots?
a. Fibrinolytic system
Explanation: The fibrinolytic system breaks down blood blots. Nitric oxide
causes vasodilation. The extrinsic pathway is activated when tissue factor is
released from damaged endothelial cells. Antithrombin III is a circulating
plasma protease inhibitor that inhibits thrombin and factor Xa.
6. Which statements are true regarding platelets? (select all that apply)
a. Platelets are disk-shaped cytoplasmic fragments
b. Platelets are formed by clumps of megakaryocytes
c. Platelets have a large nucleus
d. Platelets divide rapidly
, Explanation: Platelets are not cells but fragments of cytoplasmic
components. They are disk-shaped fragments that form from
megakaryocytes. They have no nucleus and cannot divide.
7. Which is a granulocyte? (select all that apply)
a. Neutrophil
b. Basophil
c. Eosinophil
d. Monocyte
e. Macrophage
Explanation: Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils are granulocytes.
Monocytes and macrophages are agranulocytes.
8. Which statements are true regarding lymph nodes? (select all that
apply)
a. Lymph nodes collect interstitial fluid
b. Lymph nodes are part of the hematologic and immune system
c. Eventually lymph nodes return lymph to circulation via the
inferior vena cava
d. Lymph nodes may enlarge and become tender as a result of
infection
e. Blood flows into the lymph nodes via the afferent lymph vessels
Explanation: Lymph nodes collect interstitial fluid and eventually return it
to circulation via the superior vena cava. Functionally, lymph nodes are part
of the hematologic and immune systems. Infection may result in lymph node
enlargement and tenderness (reactive lymph node). Blood flows into the
lymph nodes through the lymphatic artery, not the afferent lymph vessels.
