Biology Proctored Exam Penn Foster
✅✅
Characteristics of living things - -1. levels of organization
2. ability to acquire food for energy
3. maintain an internal environment
4. respond to stimuli
5. reproduce and develop
6. ability to adapt and evolve
7. contain cells
Levels of Biological Organization - ✅✅ -atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ
system, organism, species, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
How are organisms classified? - ✅✅-on the basis of their evolutionary/genetic
relatedness
✅✅
What is the scientific method? What is it's importance in biological sciences? -
-Process used to validate observations while minimizing observer bias
It's goal is for research to be conduced in a fair, unbiased and repeatable manner. The
best way to discover how and why the world works
✅✅-Anything that has mass and takes up space
What is matter? -
What is an atom? - ✅✅-smallest unit of matter that retains all the chemical properties
of an element. They combine to form molecules which then form into a solid, gas or
liquid
What is the structure of an atom? - ✅✅ -Nucleus in the center that contains protons
(positively charged) and neutrons (no charge). The outermost region is called an
electron shell that contain the electrons (negatively charged)
What is an ionic bond? - ✅✅ -A chemical bond that's formed when an atom transfers
and electron to another Atom
What is a covalent bond? - ✅✅-Results when 2 atoms share electrons in order to
have a completed outer shell
What is a double covalent bond? - ✅✅-Occurs when 2 atoms share 2 pairs of
electroms
In order to be an organic molecule it must contain what? - ✅✅-Carbon and hydrogen
✅✅
What are the main groups of organic molecules that build cells and their parts? -
-Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acid
What are the properties of water? - ✅✅-Its attraction to polar molecules.
High-specific heat.
High heat of vaporization.
The lower density of ice.
High polarity.
Carbohydrates - ✅✅-Broken down to glucose to provide energy.
,What are the different kinds of carbs? - ✅✅ -Glucose= monosaccharide that serves as
blood sugar
Sucrose= disaccharide which is table sugar
Polysaccharides= include starch, which stores energy in plants
Glycogen= stores energy in animals
Cellulose= makes up the structure of plant cell walls
Protein -✅✅ -macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen;
needed by the body for growth and repair
Lipid -✅✅ -Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are
made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Serve as a long term energy source
Nucleic acid - ✅✅-macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and
phosphorus
Form DNA which acts to store genetic information
What is the cell theory? - ✅✅ -All living organisms are made up of cells
The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of all living organisms
All cells arise from pre-existing cells
Ribosome -✅✅-Makes proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ✅✅-A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in
which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.
Smooth ER - ✅✅-Makes lipids
Rough ER - ✅✅-That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.
Golgi Apparatus - ✅✅-Sorts and packs protein into vesicles and transports them
Lysosome - ✅✅-Digests food, bacteria and worn out organelles
Vacuole - ✅✅-Stores food, enzymes and other material
Mitochondria - ✅✅-Powerhouse of the cell- produces energy for growth, development
and movement
Nucleus - ✅✅ -A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth
and reproduction
Cell wall -✅✅ -A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides
support to the cell
Explain the process of diffusion: - ✅✅ -Molecules move from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration until the concentration of molecules is
the same at both sites
Explain the process of osmosis: - ✅✅ -Water moves from areas of low solute
concentration to areas of high solute concentration
Describe a basic enzymatic reaction: - ✅✅-S+E= P+E
, E represents the enzyme catalyzing the reaction
S is the substance being changed
P is the product of the reaction
What is an enzyme? - ✅✅-Catalysts that increase the speed of a chemical reaction
without undergoing any permanent chemical change
What is the process of photosynthesis? - ✅✅ --The process in which the Sun's energy
is converted into chemical energy (occurs in chloroplasts).
-Carbon dioxide and water are added
-Sugar and oxygen are produced
What is cellular respiration? -✅✅ -Cellular respiration is the process that releases
energy from food in the presence of oxygen.
What is the cellular respiration equation? - ✅✅-6O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O +
Energy
✅✅-"splitting sugars." yields two molecules of ATP.
What is glycolysis? -
What is Krebs cycle? - ✅✅-This term refers to a series of chemical reactions that
involve the complete oxidation of acetyl CoA and produce 2 mol of ATP (energy) along
with hydrogen and carbon, which combine with oxygen to form (H2O) and (CO2).
What is the electron transport chain? - ✅✅ -Is a sequence of electron carrier
molecules that shuttle electrons,
down a series of reactions that release energy; used to make ATP.
What is cellular reproduction? - ✅✅-Process by which cells divide to form new cells
Growth phase- cell duplicates its contents and DNA
Cell Division- the cytoplasm and DNA of a parent cell are distribute to 2 daughter cells
How many chromosomes do humans have? - ✅✅-46 (23 pairs)
What is nondisjunction and when does it occur? - ✅✅-Nondisjunction occurs when
chromosomes do not separate properly during cell division. This can form a gamete with
an extra chromosome or one missing part or all of a chromosome (aka monosomy or
trisomy). OCCURS DURING ANAPHASE 1 & 2
What is the law of dominance? - ✅✅ -Mendel's 2nd law of inheritance - one gene
usually expresses itself over the other (one gene is dominant over the other)
What is the law of segregation? - ✅✅ -during the production of gametes the two copies
of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each
parent
What is the law of independent assortment? - ✅✅-Genes for different traits are
inherited independently of each other
What is DNA biotechnology and what are some issues? - ✅✅-Use of natural
biological systems to create a product or achieve some other end desired by humans
Issues:
✅✅
Characteristics of living things - -1. levels of organization
2. ability to acquire food for energy
3. maintain an internal environment
4. respond to stimuli
5. reproduce and develop
6. ability to adapt and evolve
7. contain cells
Levels of Biological Organization - ✅✅ -atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ
system, organism, species, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
How are organisms classified? - ✅✅-on the basis of their evolutionary/genetic
relatedness
✅✅
What is the scientific method? What is it's importance in biological sciences? -
-Process used to validate observations while minimizing observer bias
It's goal is for research to be conduced in a fair, unbiased and repeatable manner. The
best way to discover how and why the world works
✅✅-Anything that has mass and takes up space
What is matter? -
What is an atom? - ✅✅-smallest unit of matter that retains all the chemical properties
of an element. They combine to form molecules which then form into a solid, gas or
liquid
What is the structure of an atom? - ✅✅ -Nucleus in the center that contains protons
(positively charged) and neutrons (no charge). The outermost region is called an
electron shell that contain the electrons (negatively charged)
What is an ionic bond? - ✅✅ -A chemical bond that's formed when an atom transfers
and electron to another Atom
What is a covalent bond? - ✅✅-Results when 2 atoms share electrons in order to
have a completed outer shell
What is a double covalent bond? - ✅✅-Occurs when 2 atoms share 2 pairs of
electroms
In order to be an organic molecule it must contain what? - ✅✅-Carbon and hydrogen
✅✅
What are the main groups of organic molecules that build cells and their parts? -
-Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acid
What are the properties of water? - ✅✅-Its attraction to polar molecules.
High-specific heat.
High heat of vaporization.
The lower density of ice.
High polarity.
Carbohydrates - ✅✅-Broken down to glucose to provide energy.
,What are the different kinds of carbs? - ✅✅ -Glucose= monosaccharide that serves as
blood sugar
Sucrose= disaccharide which is table sugar
Polysaccharides= include starch, which stores energy in plants
Glycogen= stores energy in animals
Cellulose= makes up the structure of plant cell walls
Protein -✅✅ -macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen;
needed by the body for growth and repair
Lipid -✅✅ -Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are
made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Serve as a long term energy source
Nucleic acid - ✅✅-macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and
phosphorus
Form DNA which acts to store genetic information
What is the cell theory? - ✅✅ -All living organisms are made up of cells
The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of all living organisms
All cells arise from pre-existing cells
Ribosome -✅✅-Makes proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ✅✅-A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in
which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.
Smooth ER - ✅✅-Makes lipids
Rough ER - ✅✅-That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.
Golgi Apparatus - ✅✅-Sorts and packs protein into vesicles and transports them
Lysosome - ✅✅-Digests food, bacteria and worn out organelles
Vacuole - ✅✅-Stores food, enzymes and other material
Mitochondria - ✅✅-Powerhouse of the cell- produces energy for growth, development
and movement
Nucleus - ✅✅ -A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth
and reproduction
Cell wall -✅✅ -A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides
support to the cell
Explain the process of diffusion: - ✅✅ -Molecules move from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration until the concentration of molecules is
the same at both sites
Explain the process of osmosis: - ✅✅ -Water moves from areas of low solute
concentration to areas of high solute concentration
Describe a basic enzymatic reaction: - ✅✅-S+E= P+E
, E represents the enzyme catalyzing the reaction
S is the substance being changed
P is the product of the reaction
What is an enzyme? - ✅✅-Catalysts that increase the speed of a chemical reaction
without undergoing any permanent chemical change
What is the process of photosynthesis? - ✅✅ --The process in which the Sun's energy
is converted into chemical energy (occurs in chloroplasts).
-Carbon dioxide and water are added
-Sugar and oxygen are produced
What is cellular respiration? -✅✅ -Cellular respiration is the process that releases
energy from food in the presence of oxygen.
What is the cellular respiration equation? - ✅✅-6O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O +
Energy
✅✅-"splitting sugars." yields two molecules of ATP.
What is glycolysis? -
What is Krebs cycle? - ✅✅-This term refers to a series of chemical reactions that
involve the complete oxidation of acetyl CoA and produce 2 mol of ATP (energy) along
with hydrogen and carbon, which combine with oxygen to form (H2O) and (CO2).
What is the electron transport chain? - ✅✅ -Is a sequence of electron carrier
molecules that shuttle electrons,
down a series of reactions that release energy; used to make ATP.
What is cellular reproduction? - ✅✅-Process by which cells divide to form new cells
Growth phase- cell duplicates its contents and DNA
Cell Division- the cytoplasm and DNA of a parent cell are distribute to 2 daughter cells
How many chromosomes do humans have? - ✅✅-46 (23 pairs)
What is nondisjunction and when does it occur? - ✅✅-Nondisjunction occurs when
chromosomes do not separate properly during cell division. This can form a gamete with
an extra chromosome or one missing part or all of a chromosome (aka monosomy or
trisomy). OCCURS DURING ANAPHASE 1 & 2
What is the law of dominance? - ✅✅ -Mendel's 2nd law of inheritance - one gene
usually expresses itself over the other (one gene is dominant over the other)
What is the law of segregation? - ✅✅ -during the production of gametes the two copies
of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each
parent
What is the law of independent assortment? - ✅✅-Genes for different traits are
inherited independently of each other
What is DNA biotechnology and what are some issues? - ✅✅-Use of natural
biological systems to create a product or achieve some other end desired by humans
Issues:
