National boards: component 1 Biology
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fx5hvp
1. Hydrogen bond Partial negative charge at one end of a water molecule
attracted to a partial positive charge of another water
molecule
2. Dehydration re- Create polymers from monomers. Two monomers are
actions joined by removing one molecule of water
3. Hydrolysis Occurs when water is added to split large molecules
4. Which four ele- C, H, O, N
ments make up
96% of living
matter?
5. Trace elements Required by an organism in only minute quantities; iron
and iodine
6. Isotopes Forms of an element with different number of neutrons
7. Atomic number Number of protons
8. Atomic mass Protons and neutrons
9. Nonpolar cova- Electrons being shared are shared equally between the
lent bonds two atoms (O=O; H-H)
10. Electronegativity Tendency to attract electrons of a covalent bond (oxygen
is strongly electronegative)
11. Polar covalent Unequal sharing of electrons since one atom has greater
bond electronegativity than other
12. Max number of 4
hydrogen bonds
water can form
13. Buffers Substances that minimize change in pH. Accept H+ from
solution when there's excess and donate when depleted.
14.
, National boards: component 1 Biology
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fx5hvp
Carbonic acid Buffer in living organisms. Moderates changes in blood
(H2CO3) plasma and ocean
15. Unique proper- -4 valence electrons
ties of carbon -form up to 4 covalent bonds
-can be single, double or triple covalent bonds
-form large molecules
-molecules can be chains, rings or branched
16. Chitin Polysaccharide in fungi, exoskeleton
17. Saturated days Bad days, no double bonds btwn carbons, produced by
animals
18. Unsaturated fats Have C=C, produced by plants
19. Fat storage in hu- Adipose cells
mans
20. Steroids Ex) cholesterol (component of cell membrane), estrogen,
testosterone
21. Structure of Central carbon bonded to carboxyl group, amino group,
amino acid hydrogen and R group
22. Chaperoning Protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of pro-
teins in cells; provide isolating environment where protein
takes on final shape
23. Properties of wa- 1) cohesion
ter 2) moderation of temperature
3) insulation if bodies of water by floating ice
4) solvent
24. Size of prokary- 1um - 10um
otic cell
25. Size of eukaryot- 10um - 100um
ic cell
, National boards: component 1 Biology
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fx5hvp
26. Components of Phospholipid, proteins, and carbohydrates
plasma mem-
brane
27. Surface area to Size is limited bc volume grows proportionately more than
volume ratio in surface area
cells
28. Microvili Projections that increase surface area
29. Peroxisome Organelle with various specialized metabolic functions;
produces hydrogen peroxide
30. Function of Synthesis of lipids
smooth ER Metabolism of carbohydrates
Detoxification of drugs and poisons
31. Structure of Gol- Flattened stacks called cisternae; the cis face receives
gi apparatus vesicles and trans face ships vesicles
32. 4 molecules that Proteins, polysaccharides, fats and nucleic acids
lysosomes di-
gest
33. Best conditions Acidic enviro found inside lysosomes. Do not work if lyso-
for lysosomes di- somes breaks or leaks; neutral pH in cell is not optimal
gestive enzymes
34. Mitochondria Increases the surface area enhancing the productivity of
cristae CR
35. Endosymbiont States that mitochondria and chloroplast descended from
theory prokaryotic cells once engulfed by ancestors or eukaryot-
ic cells
36. 3 lines of ev- 1) both organelles have double-
idence of en- membrane structure
dosymbiont the- 2) both have their own ribosomes and
ory DNA
, National boards: component 1 Biology
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fx5hvp
3) both reproduce independently
within the cel,
37. Microtubules Made up of protein tubulin; Largest of cytoskeleton fibers;
separate chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis
38. Microfilaments Made up of actin. Part of cytoskeleton
39. Extracellular ma- Greatly strengthens tissues and serves as a conduit for
trix transmitting external stimuli into the cell which can turn
genes on and modify biochemical activity
40. Function of carb Crucial in cell-cell recognition (necessary for immune
on cell mem- function)
brane
41. Most impor- Water; moves through aquaporins
tant molecule
to move across
the plasma mem-
brane
42. Hydrophobic Hydrocarbons, co2, o2 (able to pass easily across mem-
substances in brane)
diffusion
43. Flaccid Limp plant
44. Plasmolyzed Plant is shriveled
45. Turgid Plant full of water (firm)
46. Facilitated diffu- Helps polar molecules (hydrophilic) molecules across the
sion membrane
47. Membrane po- Difference in electric charge across membrane: inside of
tential cell is negative and outside is positive
48. Electrogenic Transport protein that generates voltage across the mem-
pump brane; na-k pump and proton pump
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fx5hvp
1. Hydrogen bond Partial negative charge at one end of a water molecule
attracted to a partial positive charge of another water
molecule
2. Dehydration re- Create polymers from monomers. Two monomers are
actions joined by removing one molecule of water
3. Hydrolysis Occurs when water is added to split large molecules
4. Which four ele- C, H, O, N
ments make up
96% of living
matter?
5. Trace elements Required by an organism in only minute quantities; iron
and iodine
6. Isotopes Forms of an element with different number of neutrons
7. Atomic number Number of protons
8. Atomic mass Protons and neutrons
9. Nonpolar cova- Electrons being shared are shared equally between the
lent bonds two atoms (O=O; H-H)
10. Electronegativity Tendency to attract electrons of a covalent bond (oxygen
is strongly electronegative)
11. Polar covalent Unequal sharing of electrons since one atom has greater
bond electronegativity than other
12. Max number of 4
hydrogen bonds
water can form
13. Buffers Substances that minimize change in pH. Accept H+ from
solution when there's excess and donate when depleted.
14.
, National boards: component 1 Biology
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fx5hvp
Carbonic acid Buffer in living organisms. Moderates changes in blood
(H2CO3) plasma and ocean
15. Unique proper- -4 valence electrons
ties of carbon -form up to 4 covalent bonds
-can be single, double or triple covalent bonds
-form large molecules
-molecules can be chains, rings or branched
16. Chitin Polysaccharide in fungi, exoskeleton
17. Saturated days Bad days, no double bonds btwn carbons, produced by
animals
18. Unsaturated fats Have C=C, produced by plants
19. Fat storage in hu- Adipose cells
mans
20. Steroids Ex) cholesterol (component of cell membrane), estrogen,
testosterone
21. Structure of Central carbon bonded to carboxyl group, amino group,
amino acid hydrogen and R group
22. Chaperoning Protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of pro-
teins in cells; provide isolating environment where protein
takes on final shape
23. Properties of wa- 1) cohesion
ter 2) moderation of temperature
3) insulation if bodies of water by floating ice
4) solvent
24. Size of prokary- 1um - 10um
otic cell
25. Size of eukaryot- 10um - 100um
ic cell
, National boards: component 1 Biology
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fx5hvp
26. Components of Phospholipid, proteins, and carbohydrates
plasma mem-
brane
27. Surface area to Size is limited bc volume grows proportionately more than
volume ratio in surface area
cells
28. Microvili Projections that increase surface area
29. Peroxisome Organelle with various specialized metabolic functions;
produces hydrogen peroxide
30. Function of Synthesis of lipids
smooth ER Metabolism of carbohydrates
Detoxification of drugs and poisons
31. Structure of Gol- Flattened stacks called cisternae; the cis face receives
gi apparatus vesicles and trans face ships vesicles
32. 4 molecules that Proteins, polysaccharides, fats and nucleic acids
lysosomes di-
gest
33. Best conditions Acidic enviro found inside lysosomes. Do not work if lyso-
for lysosomes di- somes breaks or leaks; neutral pH in cell is not optimal
gestive enzymes
34. Mitochondria Increases the surface area enhancing the productivity of
cristae CR
35. Endosymbiont States that mitochondria and chloroplast descended from
theory prokaryotic cells once engulfed by ancestors or eukaryot-
ic cells
36. 3 lines of ev- 1) both organelles have double-
idence of en- membrane structure
dosymbiont the- 2) both have their own ribosomes and
ory DNA
, National boards: component 1 Biology
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fx5hvp
3) both reproduce independently
within the cel,
37. Microtubules Made up of protein tubulin; Largest of cytoskeleton fibers;
separate chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis
38. Microfilaments Made up of actin. Part of cytoskeleton
39. Extracellular ma- Greatly strengthens tissues and serves as a conduit for
trix transmitting external stimuli into the cell which can turn
genes on and modify biochemical activity
40. Function of carb Crucial in cell-cell recognition (necessary for immune
on cell mem- function)
brane
41. Most impor- Water; moves through aquaporins
tant molecule
to move across
the plasma mem-
brane
42. Hydrophobic Hydrocarbons, co2, o2 (able to pass easily across mem-
substances in brane)
diffusion
43. Flaccid Limp plant
44. Plasmolyzed Plant is shriveled
45. Turgid Plant full of water (firm)
46. Facilitated diffu- Helps polar molecules (hydrophilic) molecules across the
sion membrane
47. Membrane po- Difference in electric charge across membrane: inside of
tential cell is negative and outside is positive
48. Electrogenic Transport protein that generates voltage across the mem-
pump brane; na-k pump and proton pump
