NSG 3600 Unit 1 PEDS
Growth & Development
Stages of Children Influences on Growth and Development
◦ Newborn-refers to the stage Nature vs. Nurture o
◦ immediately after birth until 1 month Nature
◦ Infancy is the period between 1-12 months of ▪ Traits inherent at birth (the basic “wiring”) o Nurture
age ▪ Influence of external events such as parenting and
◦ The Toddler stage is from 12 months until culture
approximately 3 years
◦ Preschool stage (or early childhood) is from 3-6
years of age.
◦ School-age children are from 6 to 12 years old.
◦ Adolescence is the period from 12-18 years old.
Growth vs Development Growth vs Development
,◦ Each child grows and develops at his/her own ◦
CEPHALOCAUDAL:
pace, but development occurs in an orderly Head to Toe. This is seen in growth as infants learn to use
sequence, and each child should progress their upper limbs before their lower limbs.
through the predictable stages within a certain
period of time. ◦
PROXIMODISTAL:
Growth Center outward.
o Is the continuous adjustment in the size of the Growth branching of the respiratory tract illustrates this
child, internally & externally ◦
concepts.
o Height and weight
o Growth happens in spurts, followed by a period
of rest
Development
o Cephalocaudal-is a progression from head to
toe—top to bottom.
o Proximodistal-the child develops from near to far
and midline to periphery
o proceeds from gross motor to fine motor skills o
Both growth and development are affected by
nutrition
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
, Stage Age Range Key Characteristics
SENSORIMOTOR BIRTH – 2 YEARS OLD Learn through their senses and movement.
Develops object permanence.
PREOPERATIONAL 2 – 7 YEARS OLD Engages in symbolic thought, magical thinking,
animism (treats inanimate objects as alive)
CONCRETE OPERATIONAL 7 – 11 YEARS OLD Engage in logical thought, have a more
accurate understanding of cause and effect.
Learn conservation.
FORMAL OPERATIONAL 12 YEARS AND UP Able to think in abstract terms. Engage in
deductive reasoning, logic-based problem
solving.
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Crisis
Stage Age range Psychosocial crisis
Infant gains a sense of trust when
Infancy Birth -1year. & Trust vs Mistrust basic needs are met.
Child becomes increasingly
independent. Allow choices.
Toddler 1-3 years. & Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
Encourage autonomy.
Learn to achieve and learn new
things without self-reproach.
Preschooler 3-6 years. &. Initiative vs Guilt
Provide opportunities for play.
Develop a sense of confidence
through mastery of tasks. Gain a
School-Age 6-11 years. & Industry vs Inferiority
sense of pride and accomplishment.
Acquire a clear sense of self. Is
Adolescence 12 and older. &. Identity vs Role Confusion trying to answer, “Who am I?”
Growth & Development
Stages of Children Influences on Growth and Development
◦ Newborn-refers to the stage Nature vs. Nurture o
◦ immediately after birth until 1 month Nature
◦ Infancy is the period between 1-12 months of ▪ Traits inherent at birth (the basic “wiring”) o Nurture
age ▪ Influence of external events such as parenting and
◦ The Toddler stage is from 12 months until culture
approximately 3 years
◦ Preschool stage (or early childhood) is from 3-6
years of age.
◦ School-age children are from 6 to 12 years old.
◦ Adolescence is the period from 12-18 years old.
Growth vs Development Growth vs Development
,◦ Each child grows and develops at his/her own ◦
CEPHALOCAUDAL:
pace, but development occurs in an orderly Head to Toe. This is seen in growth as infants learn to use
sequence, and each child should progress their upper limbs before their lower limbs.
through the predictable stages within a certain
period of time. ◦
PROXIMODISTAL:
Growth Center outward.
o Is the continuous adjustment in the size of the Growth branching of the respiratory tract illustrates this
child, internally & externally ◦
concepts.
o Height and weight
o Growth happens in spurts, followed by a period
of rest
Development
o Cephalocaudal-is a progression from head to
toe—top to bottom.
o Proximodistal-the child develops from near to far
and midline to periphery
o proceeds from gross motor to fine motor skills o
Both growth and development are affected by
nutrition
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
, Stage Age Range Key Characteristics
SENSORIMOTOR BIRTH – 2 YEARS OLD Learn through their senses and movement.
Develops object permanence.
PREOPERATIONAL 2 – 7 YEARS OLD Engages in symbolic thought, magical thinking,
animism (treats inanimate objects as alive)
CONCRETE OPERATIONAL 7 – 11 YEARS OLD Engage in logical thought, have a more
accurate understanding of cause and effect.
Learn conservation.
FORMAL OPERATIONAL 12 YEARS AND UP Able to think in abstract terms. Engage in
deductive reasoning, logic-based problem
solving.
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Crisis
Stage Age range Psychosocial crisis
Infant gains a sense of trust when
Infancy Birth -1year. & Trust vs Mistrust basic needs are met.
Child becomes increasingly
independent. Allow choices.
Toddler 1-3 years. & Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
Encourage autonomy.
Learn to achieve and learn new
things without self-reproach.
Preschooler 3-6 years. &. Initiative vs Guilt
Provide opportunities for play.
Develop a sense of confidence
through mastery of tasks. Gain a
School-Age 6-11 years. & Industry vs Inferiority
sense of pride and accomplishment.
Acquire a clear sense of self. Is
Adolescence 12 and older. &. Identity vs Role Confusion trying to answer, “Who am I?”
