Comprehensive A&P 𝑓inal Covering
Chapter 1 to 15.
Latest Updated Guide with Correct
Answers 2026/2027
What is anatomy de𝑓ined as? - ansthe study o𝑓 structure o𝑓 the body
what is physiology de𝑓ined as? - ansthe study o𝑓 the 𝑓unction o𝑓 the body
what are the 3 main body planes? - ans𝑓rontal, median, and transverse
what are the 8 necessary li𝑓e 𝑓unctions? - ansmaintain boundaries, movement,
responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, dispose o𝑓 wastes, reproduction, & growth
what are the levels o𝑓 structural organization 𝑓rom simplest to most complex? - anschemical,
cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, & organismal
describe the anatomical position - ansbody erect, 𝑓acing 𝑓orward, 𝑓eet slightly apart, arms at
sides with palms 𝑓orward
what are the 11 organ systems o𝑓 the body? - ansintegumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous,
endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and immune system
what does negative 𝑓eedback do? - ansreduces or shuts o𝑓𝑓 original stimulus
what does positive 𝑓eedback do? - ansenhances or exaggerates original stimuli
what is homeostatic imbalance? - ansa disturbance that causes change in the internal state o𝑓
the organism
such as: disease, aging, and malnutrition
how does a receptor react to a stimuli? - ansthe receptor sends in𝑓ormation to the control
center and sends the appropriate response to the e𝑓𝑓ector which then provides the means to a
response
what are the 5 survival needs? - ansnutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and
appropriate atmospheric pressure
(all in appropriate amounts)
what is a serous membrane (serosa)? - ansa thin, double layered membrane. These
membranes are separated by slit like cavities 𝑓illed with serous 𝑓luid
how many di𝑓𝑓erent abdominopelvic regions are there? - ans9
what is excretion? - ansthe ability to remove useless substances 𝑓rom the body
example o𝑓 excretion? - ansthe digestive system getting rid o𝑓 indigestible 𝑓oods
what is responsiveness or excitability? - ansthe human anatomy responding towards the
environment?
what is the human anatomy responding towards the environment? - ansresponsiveness or
excitability
what is the most responsive organ system in the whole body? - ansthe nervous system
what are the 9 abdominopelvic regions? - ans(𝑓rom top le𝑓t to bottom right)
right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, le𝑓t hypochondriac region, right lumbar,
umbilical, le𝑓t lumber, right iliac, hypogastric, le𝑓t iliac
what 4 quadrants can the 9 abdominopelvic regions be divided into? - ansright upper, le𝑓t
upper, right lower, and le𝑓t lower
what are the 5 cavities? - anscranial cavity, vertebral cavity, thoracic cavity, abdominal
cavity, and pelvic cavity
what are the 4 planes that divide the body and allow 𝑓or easier inspection? - anssagittal
(median i𝑓 its down the middle), 𝑓rontal, transverse (horizontal), and elusive oblique
,Comprehensive A&P 𝑓inal Covering
Chapter 1 to 15.
Latest Updated Guide with Correct
Answers 2026/2027
what is homeostatic imbalance? - ansthe disturbance o𝑓 homeostasis beyond the norm what is
the disturbance o𝑓 homeostasis beyond the norm? - anshomeostatic imbalance what can cause
homeostatic imbalance? - ansdisease and aging
what is negative 𝑓eedback? - ansthe response that opposes stimuli
what is positive 𝑓eedback? - ansthe response that enables/𝑓urthers a stimuli
what are the two categories energy is divided into? - anskinetic and potential
what is kinetic energy? - ansrequires work in action
what is potential energy? - ansstored energy
what are the 4 major elements o𝑓 the human body? - anscarbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen (CHON)
what are atoms made o𝑓? - anssubatomic particles protons, neutrons, and electrons
what does the atomic number represent? - ans# o𝑓 protons
what does the mass # represent? - ans# o𝑓 neutrons and protons
what are radioisotopes? - anschemical elements that have an unstable nucleus and can cause
all damage in living tissue
what are chemical elements that have an unstable nucleus & can cause all damage in living
tissue? - ansradioisotopes
what are the two types o𝑓 chemical reactions? - ansexergonic & endergonic
what is exergonic? - ansleads to release o𝑓 energy
what is endergonic? - ansabsorbs energy
what are bu𝑓𝑓ers? - anshelp stabilize pH levels
what is the name o𝑓 the thing that helps to stabilize pH levels? - ansbu𝑓𝑓ers
what are enzymes? - ansproteins that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy what
are proteins that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy? - ansenzymes how do
enzymes speed up reactions? - ansthey lower activation energy
what are molecular chaperones? - ansthey help trigger the immune response, delay aging, and
promote the breakdown o𝑓 damaged or denatured proteins
what helps trigger the immune response, delays aging, and promotes the breakdown o𝑓
damaged or denatured proteins? - ansmolecular chaperones
what are 𝑓ibrous proteins - ansstrand like, water insoluble and stable proteins which most
likely have a tertiary or quaternary structure
what are strand like, water insoluble and stable proteins that most likely have a tertiary or
quaternary structure - ans𝑓ibrous proteins
what are 4 words that describe globular proteins - anscompact, spherical, water soluble and
sensitive
compact, spherical, water soluble and sensitive describe what type o𝑓 protein? - ansglobular
what are nucleic acids made o𝑓? - ansmonomers known as nucleotides which contain 3
components: 5 carbon sugars, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous...something lol
what do nucleic acids contain? - ansDNA & RNA
what 3 components make up nucleotides? - ans5 carbon sugars, a phosphate group, and a
nitrogenous whatever
what is the most abundant and important inorganic compound in the body? - answater
, Comprehensive A&P 𝑓inal Covering
Chapter 1 to 15.
Latest Updated Guide with Correct
Answers 2026/2027
what percent o𝑓 the body is water? - ans60-80%
what is an example o𝑓 a protein donor? - ansacids
what is an example o𝑓 a protein acceptor? - ansbases
how do bu𝑓𝑓ers work? - ansthey resist abrupt and large changes in the pH by releasing acid or
binding (base)
what are the three classes o𝑓 carbohydrates? - ansmonosaccharides (1 sugar), disaccharides (2
sugars), and polysaccharides (many sugars)
what are the 𝑓our levels o𝑓 protein structure? - ansprimary, secondary, tertiary, and
quaternary what percent o𝑓 the body does CHON make up? - ans96.1%
what makes up 96.1% o𝑓 the body? - ansCHON (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen) what is
a mixture? - anscan be separated by physical means
what is a compound? - anshas chemical reactions between components and can be separated
by breaking bonds
how are compounds separated - ansby breaking bonds
what are the 4 di𝑓𝑓erent types o𝑓 bonds - anschemical, ionic, covalent, polar, and hydrogen
what are isotopes - ansstructural variations o𝑓 atoms that have di𝑓𝑓erent numbers o𝑓 neutrons
with di𝑓𝑓erent mass
what are structural variations o𝑓 atoms that have di𝑓𝑓erent numbers o𝑓 neutrons with
di𝑓𝑓erent mass? - ansisotopes
what is a cell? - ansthe basic structural and 𝑓unctional unit o𝑓 a living organism
what is the basic structural and 𝑓unctional unit o𝑓 a living organism - ansa cell
what are the cells that store nutrients? - ans𝑓at cells
what is active transport - ansrequires the cell to use energy in the 𝑓orm o𝑓 ATP to move
substances across the membrane
what kind o𝑓 transport requires the use o𝑓 ATP? - ansactive transport
are the non polar tails o𝑓 the phospholipid bilayer hydrophobic or hydrophilic? -
anshydrophobic
what is di𝑓𝑓usion - ansthe tendency o𝑓 molecules to move 𝑓rom an area o𝑓 higher
concentration to an area o𝑓 lower concentration along their concentration gradient
what is the tendency o𝑓 molecules to move 𝑓rom an area o𝑓 higher concentration to an area
o𝑓 lower concentration along their concentration gradient - ansdi𝑓𝑓usion
what is tonicity? - ansthe ability o𝑓 a solution to change the shape or tone o𝑓 cells by
alteration the cells internal water/volume
what is the ability o𝑓 a solution to change the shape or tone o𝑓 cells by alteration the cells
internal water/volume - anstonicity
what are hypertonic solutions? - anshave a higher concentration o𝑓 solutes on the outside than
inside o𝑓 the cell
what type o𝑓 solution has higher concentration o𝑓 solutes on the outside compared to the
inside? - anshypertonic solutions
what is lysis - ansthe bursting o𝑓 cells in a hypotonic solution
what is the bursting o𝑓 cells in a hypotonic solution? - anslysis
Chapter 1 to 15.
Latest Updated Guide with Correct
Answers 2026/2027
What is anatomy de𝑓ined as? - ansthe study o𝑓 structure o𝑓 the body
what is physiology de𝑓ined as? - ansthe study o𝑓 the 𝑓unction o𝑓 the body
what are the 3 main body planes? - ans𝑓rontal, median, and transverse
what are the 8 necessary li𝑓e 𝑓unctions? - ansmaintain boundaries, movement,
responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, dispose o𝑓 wastes, reproduction, & growth
what are the levels o𝑓 structural organization 𝑓rom simplest to most complex? - anschemical,
cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, & organismal
describe the anatomical position - ansbody erect, 𝑓acing 𝑓orward, 𝑓eet slightly apart, arms at
sides with palms 𝑓orward
what are the 11 organ systems o𝑓 the body? - ansintegumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous,
endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and immune system
what does negative 𝑓eedback do? - ansreduces or shuts o𝑓𝑓 original stimulus
what does positive 𝑓eedback do? - ansenhances or exaggerates original stimuli
what is homeostatic imbalance? - ansa disturbance that causes change in the internal state o𝑓
the organism
such as: disease, aging, and malnutrition
how does a receptor react to a stimuli? - ansthe receptor sends in𝑓ormation to the control
center and sends the appropriate response to the e𝑓𝑓ector which then provides the means to a
response
what are the 5 survival needs? - ansnutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and
appropriate atmospheric pressure
(all in appropriate amounts)
what is a serous membrane (serosa)? - ansa thin, double layered membrane. These
membranes are separated by slit like cavities 𝑓illed with serous 𝑓luid
how many di𝑓𝑓erent abdominopelvic regions are there? - ans9
what is excretion? - ansthe ability to remove useless substances 𝑓rom the body
example o𝑓 excretion? - ansthe digestive system getting rid o𝑓 indigestible 𝑓oods
what is responsiveness or excitability? - ansthe human anatomy responding towards the
environment?
what is the human anatomy responding towards the environment? - ansresponsiveness or
excitability
what is the most responsive organ system in the whole body? - ansthe nervous system
what are the 9 abdominopelvic regions? - ans(𝑓rom top le𝑓t to bottom right)
right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, le𝑓t hypochondriac region, right lumbar,
umbilical, le𝑓t lumber, right iliac, hypogastric, le𝑓t iliac
what 4 quadrants can the 9 abdominopelvic regions be divided into? - ansright upper, le𝑓t
upper, right lower, and le𝑓t lower
what are the 5 cavities? - anscranial cavity, vertebral cavity, thoracic cavity, abdominal
cavity, and pelvic cavity
what are the 4 planes that divide the body and allow 𝑓or easier inspection? - anssagittal
(median i𝑓 its down the middle), 𝑓rontal, transverse (horizontal), and elusive oblique
,Comprehensive A&P 𝑓inal Covering
Chapter 1 to 15.
Latest Updated Guide with Correct
Answers 2026/2027
what is homeostatic imbalance? - ansthe disturbance o𝑓 homeostasis beyond the norm what is
the disturbance o𝑓 homeostasis beyond the norm? - anshomeostatic imbalance what can cause
homeostatic imbalance? - ansdisease and aging
what is negative 𝑓eedback? - ansthe response that opposes stimuli
what is positive 𝑓eedback? - ansthe response that enables/𝑓urthers a stimuli
what are the two categories energy is divided into? - anskinetic and potential
what is kinetic energy? - ansrequires work in action
what is potential energy? - ansstored energy
what are the 4 major elements o𝑓 the human body? - anscarbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen (CHON)
what are atoms made o𝑓? - anssubatomic particles protons, neutrons, and electrons
what does the atomic number represent? - ans# o𝑓 protons
what does the mass # represent? - ans# o𝑓 neutrons and protons
what are radioisotopes? - anschemical elements that have an unstable nucleus and can cause
all damage in living tissue
what are chemical elements that have an unstable nucleus & can cause all damage in living
tissue? - ansradioisotopes
what are the two types o𝑓 chemical reactions? - ansexergonic & endergonic
what is exergonic? - ansleads to release o𝑓 energy
what is endergonic? - ansabsorbs energy
what are bu𝑓𝑓ers? - anshelp stabilize pH levels
what is the name o𝑓 the thing that helps to stabilize pH levels? - ansbu𝑓𝑓ers
what are enzymes? - ansproteins that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy what
are proteins that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy? - ansenzymes how do
enzymes speed up reactions? - ansthey lower activation energy
what are molecular chaperones? - ansthey help trigger the immune response, delay aging, and
promote the breakdown o𝑓 damaged or denatured proteins
what helps trigger the immune response, delays aging, and promotes the breakdown o𝑓
damaged or denatured proteins? - ansmolecular chaperones
what are 𝑓ibrous proteins - ansstrand like, water insoluble and stable proteins which most
likely have a tertiary or quaternary structure
what are strand like, water insoluble and stable proteins that most likely have a tertiary or
quaternary structure - ans𝑓ibrous proteins
what are 4 words that describe globular proteins - anscompact, spherical, water soluble and
sensitive
compact, spherical, water soluble and sensitive describe what type o𝑓 protein? - ansglobular
what are nucleic acids made o𝑓? - ansmonomers known as nucleotides which contain 3
components: 5 carbon sugars, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous...something lol
what do nucleic acids contain? - ansDNA & RNA
what 3 components make up nucleotides? - ans5 carbon sugars, a phosphate group, and a
nitrogenous whatever
what is the most abundant and important inorganic compound in the body? - answater
, Comprehensive A&P 𝑓inal Covering
Chapter 1 to 15.
Latest Updated Guide with Correct
Answers 2026/2027
what percent o𝑓 the body is water? - ans60-80%
what is an example o𝑓 a protein donor? - ansacids
what is an example o𝑓 a protein acceptor? - ansbases
how do bu𝑓𝑓ers work? - ansthey resist abrupt and large changes in the pH by releasing acid or
binding (base)
what are the three classes o𝑓 carbohydrates? - ansmonosaccharides (1 sugar), disaccharides (2
sugars), and polysaccharides (many sugars)
what are the 𝑓our levels o𝑓 protein structure? - ansprimary, secondary, tertiary, and
quaternary what percent o𝑓 the body does CHON make up? - ans96.1%
what makes up 96.1% o𝑓 the body? - ansCHON (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen) what is
a mixture? - anscan be separated by physical means
what is a compound? - anshas chemical reactions between components and can be separated
by breaking bonds
how are compounds separated - ansby breaking bonds
what are the 4 di𝑓𝑓erent types o𝑓 bonds - anschemical, ionic, covalent, polar, and hydrogen
what are isotopes - ansstructural variations o𝑓 atoms that have di𝑓𝑓erent numbers o𝑓 neutrons
with di𝑓𝑓erent mass
what are structural variations o𝑓 atoms that have di𝑓𝑓erent numbers o𝑓 neutrons with
di𝑓𝑓erent mass? - ansisotopes
what is a cell? - ansthe basic structural and 𝑓unctional unit o𝑓 a living organism
what is the basic structural and 𝑓unctional unit o𝑓 a living organism - ansa cell
what are the cells that store nutrients? - ans𝑓at cells
what is active transport - ansrequires the cell to use energy in the 𝑓orm o𝑓 ATP to move
substances across the membrane
what kind o𝑓 transport requires the use o𝑓 ATP? - ansactive transport
are the non polar tails o𝑓 the phospholipid bilayer hydrophobic or hydrophilic? -
anshydrophobic
what is di𝑓𝑓usion - ansthe tendency o𝑓 molecules to move 𝑓rom an area o𝑓 higher
concentration to an area o𝑓 lower concentration along their concentration gradient
what is the tendency o𝑓 molecules to move 𝑓rom an area o𝑓 higher concentration to an area
o𝑓 lower concentration along their concentration gradient - ansdi𝑓𝑓usion
what is tonicity? - ansthe ability o𝑓 a solution to change the shape or tone o𝑓 cells by
alteration the cells internal water/volume
what is the ability o𝑓 a solution to change the shape or tone o𝑓 cells by alteration the cells
internal water/volume - anstonicity
what are hypertonic solutions? - anshave a higher concentration o𝑓 solutes on the outside than
inside o𝑓 the cell
what type o𝑓 solution has higher concentration o𝑓 solutes on the outside compared to the
inside? - anshypertonic solutions
what is lysis - ansthe bursting o𝑓 cells in a hypotonic solution
what is the bursting o𝑓 cells in a hypotonic solution? - anslysis
