NR 507 ADVANCED PATHO – MIDTERM
EXAM PREP NEWEST 2025/2026 ACTUAL
EXAM COMPLETE 200 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) WITH DE TAILED
RATIONALES|ALREADY GRADED
A+||BRAND NEW VERSION!!
Asthma - Answer-Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive inflammatory
response in the bronchioles
What type of relationship does heart rate and stroke volume have? - Answer-inverse
low HR = longer fill time = increase stroke volume
high HR = lower fill time = lower stroke volume
What is preload? - Answer-the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts/ amount of
blood entering the ventricles during diastole
average amount of preload? - Answer-120-130 mls
When fibers stretch during diastole how does that effect contraction? - Answer-contraction is
stronger
What happens when cardiac fibers overstretch during diastole? - Answer-decreased contraction
due to fibers being unable to snap back
,What can cause increased preload - Answer-CHF and hypervolemia
What can cause decreased preload - Answer-cardiac tamponade and hypovolemia
What are two common causes of hypovolemia - Answer-dehydration and hemorrhage
Afterload - Answer-the amount of resistance to open the semilunar valves and eject of blood
from the ventricle
what influences afterload (3) - Answer-ventricle wall thickness (muscle strength)
arterial pressure (resistance to ejection)
ventricle chamber size (blood volume capacity)
what can cause an increase in afterload - Answer-systemic hypertension
valve disease
COPD (pulmonary hypertension)
what can decrease afterload - Answer-hypotension or vasodilation
what influences cardiac contractility (inotropic state) - Answer-levels of electrolytes
High levels of ATP
level of oxygen available
synchronous muscle contraction
What electrolytes are used for cardiac muscle contraction? - Answer-sodium potassium and
calcium
, What increases cardiac muscle contraction - Answer-sympathetic stimulation; fear anxiety and
increased thyroxine
what decreases cardiac muscle contraction - Answer-low ATP levels; ischemia hypoxia or
acidosis
Stimulation of what set a resting HR (chronotropic state) - Answer-parasympathetic system
what stimulates the parasympathetic system - Answer-the vagus nerve
What does the parasympathetic system do? - Answer-It releases acetycholine which decreases
heart rate and causes vasodilation
What can extreme vagal response result in? - Answer-life threatening bradycardia
Descending infection - Answer-The blood can carry bacteria from a focus of infection in another
part of the body to the kidneys. The bacteria then pass with the urine down the ureters to the
bladder.
Ascending infection - Answer-- urethra to bladder, and then to kidney
- due to: bacteria from residual fecal contamination
glomerulonephritis - Answer-inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney
tubular necrosis - Answer-the renal tubules cells are highly sensitive to low oxygen levels or
presence of toxins and leads to tubular necrosis
EXAM PREP NEWEST 2025/2026 ACTUAL
EXAM COMPLETE 200 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) WITH DE TAILED
RATIONALES|ALREADY GRADED
A+||BRAND NEW VERSION!!
Asthma - Answer-Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive inflammatory
response in the bronchioles
What type of relationship does heart rate and stroke volume have? - Answer-inverse
low HR = longer fill time = increase stroke volume
high HR = lower fill time = lower stroke volume
What is preload? - Answer-the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts/ amount of
blood entering the ventricles during diastole
average amount of preload? - Answer-120-130 mls
When fibers stretch during diastole how does that effect contraction? - Answer-contraction is
stronger
What happens when cardiac fibers overstretch during diastole? - Answer-decreased contraction
due to fibers being unable to snap back
,What can cause increased preload - Answer-CHF and hypervolemia
What can cause decreased preload - Answer-cardiac tamponade and hypovolemia
What are two common causes of hypovolemia - Answer-dehydration and hemorrhage
Afterload - Answer-the amount of resistance to open the semilunar valves and eject of blood
from the ventricle
what influences afterload (3) - Answer-ventricle wall thickness (muscle strength)
arterial pressure (resistance to ejection)
ventricle chamber size (blood volume capacity)
what can cause an increase in afterload - Answer-systemic hypertension
valve disease
COPD (pulmonary hypertension)
what can decrease afterload - Answer-hypotension or vasodilation
what influences cardiac contractility (inotropic state) - Answer-levels of electrolytes
High levels of ATP
level of oxygen available
synchronous muscle contraction
What electrolytes are used for cardiac muscle contraction? - Answer-sodium potassium and
calcium
, What increases cardiac muscle contraction - Answer-sympathetic stimulation; fear anxiety and
increased thyroxine
what decreases cardiac muscle contraction - Answer-low ATP levels; ischemia hypoxia or
acidosis
Stimulation of what set a resting HR (chronotropic state) - Answer-parasympathetic system
what stimulates the parasympathetic system - Answer-the vagus nerve
What does the parasympathetic system do? - Answer-It releases acetycholine which decreases
heart rate and causes vasodilation
What can extreme vagal response result in? - Answer-life threatening bradycardia
Descending infection - Answer-The blood can carry bacteria from a focus of infection in another
part of the body to the kidneys. The bacteria then pass with the urine down the ureters to the
bladder.
Ascending infection - Answer-- urethra to bladder, and then to kidney
- due to: bacteria from residual fecal contamination
glomerulonephritis - Answer-inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney
tubular necrosis - Answer-the renal tubules cells are highly sensitive to low oxygen levels or
presence of toxins and leads to tubular necrosis
