1
SOLUTION MANUAL FORc c
CriminalcLawcforcthecCriminalcJusticecProfessionalcISEcNormancM.cGarland
Chapterc1-16
Chapter 1 c
Nature, Origins, Purposes, Structure, and Operation of the Criminal Justice System
c c c c c c c c c c
Chapter Objectives
c
Aftercreadingcandcstudyingcthiscchapter,cstudentscshouldcbecablectocaccomplishcthecfollowingcobjectives:
1. Statecacbasiccdefinitioncofclaw.
2. Explaincwhatcdistinguishesctheccriminalclawcfromcotherclaw.
3. Definectheccommonclaw.
4. Statecthecprinciplecofclegality.
5. ExplaincwhatcthecMPCcis.
6. DescribecthecfundamentalcstructurecofcthecAmericanccriminalcjusticecsystem.
7. Namecthecfourcbasiccpolicecfunctions.
8. Statecwhatciscrequiredcforcaclawcenforcementcofficerctocarrestcacsuspect.
9. Statecthecpurposecofcacpreliminarychearing.
10. Describecthectwocalternativecmethodscforcchargingcseriousccrimes.
11. Listcthecthreecpossiblecbasescforcacdefendant‘scpretrialcmotionctocdismiss.
12. Statecthecfourcpossiblecgroundscforcappealcofcaccriminalcconviction.
13. Statecwhencacdefendantciscentitledctocancattorneycatctrial.
Chapter Outline
c
I. ThecNaturecandcOriginscofcLaw
IncthecUnitedcStatesctoday,cmostccitizenscunderstandcthecconceptcofclawctocconsistcofcthecfollowing:
Thecfederal,cstate,corclocalcenactmentscofclegislativecbodies
Thecknowncdecisionscofctheccourtscofcthecfederalcandcstatecgovernments
Rulescandcregulationscproclaimedcbycadministrativecbodies
Proclamationscbycexecutivescofcthecfederal,cstate,corclocalcgovernment
Lawmakerscdistinguishcbetweenctwoctypescofcrules:c(1)creligiouscandcmoralcvaluescandc(2)crulesccreatedc
bycgovernmentctocprotectcindividualscandcpromotecsocialcwelfare.cPeoplecrecognizecthat
Copyrightc©c2018cMcGraw-
HillcEducation.cAllcrightscreserved.cNocreproductioncorcdistributioncwithoutcthecpriorcwrittencconsentcofcMcGraw-
HillcEducation.
, 2
somecactionscmaycbecimmoralcevencthoughctheycarecnotcillegal.cIncaddition,cpeoplecgenerallycbe
lievecthatctheycshouldcbecablectoclivecaccordingctoctheircreligiouscprinciples,casclongcasctheircactio
nscdocnotcviolatectheclaw.
A. EmergencecofcWrittencLaw
Fromctimecimmemorial,chumankindchascsoughtctocminimizecturmoilcandcchaoscbycthecimpositio
ncofcsomecsetcofcrulescbycwhichctoclive.cFromcthecedictscofckingscandcconquerorsctocthecU.S.cConst
itution,crulescofcconductcforcsocietychavecbeencproclaimedcandcenforced.
AncientcLaw:cAlthoughchumancsocietieschavecalwayschadcrulescofcconduct,cthecfirstcknow
ncwrittenclawscarecbelievedctocbecthosecfoundconcclayctabletscincUr,conecofctheccity-
statescofcSumeria.cTheycwereccreatedcaboutc5,000cyearscago.
EnglishcandcAmericancCommoncLaw:cEverycancientcnationceventuallycdevelopedcformalcl
egalccodes,candcthecAmericanclegalccodecderivescprimarilycfromcthatcofcEngland.
AftercWilliamcofcNormandycconqueredcEnglandcinc1066,checestablishedcthecey
re—
thatcis,caccourtcwithcjudgescwhoctraveledcthroughoutctheckingdomconceceverycse
vencyearsctochearccasescascrepresentativescofcthecking.
Thecdecisionscofcthesecjudgescandcofcothercmemberscofctheccentralcjudiciary
createdcbycthecNormansctocadministerctheclawcformedcaclargecpartcofcEngland‘sccommonc
law.
EmergencecofcModerncCriminalcLaw:cWhencthec13ccoloniescwerecestablishedcinc
America,ctheycadoptedcEngland‘sccommonclaw.
AsctheccoloniescdevelopedcandcthecUnitedcStatescwascformed,ctheclawcofcthecU
nitedcStatescdevelopedcseparatelycfromcthecEnglishccommonclawctradition.cEv
entually,cstatutoryclawcreplacedccommonclawctocmeetccitizens‘cneeds.
B. CivilcLawcversuscCriminalcLaw
Today,cthecU.S.cjudicialcsystemcprovidescforccriminalclawcviolations,calsoccalledccrimes,candccivi
lclawcviolations,calsoccalledctorts.
Criminalclawciscdifferentcfromcotherctypescofclaw,candcfromccivilclawcincparticular,cbeca
usecitcinvolvescacviolationcofcpubliccrightscandcduties,cwhichccreatecacsocialcharm.
Civilclawcdealscwithcmatterscthatcarecconsideredctocbecprivatecconcernscbetweencindivi
duals.cItcincludesclawscdealingcwithcpersonalcinjury,ccontracts,candcproperty,cascwellcasc
administrativeclaw.cAcviolationcofccivilclawcisccalledcactort.
II. CriminalcLawcincthecUnitedcStates
ThecAmericancandcFrenchcrevolutionscstimulatedcaclegislativecmovementcincthecareacofccriminal
Copyrightc©c2018cMcGraw-
HillcEducation.cAllcrightscreserved.cNocreproductioncorcdistributioncwithoutcthecpriorcwrittencconsentcofcMcGraw-
HillcEducation.
, 3
law.cOfcspecialcconcerncwascthecseveritycofctheccriminalclaw:cByc1800,cmorecthanc100cdifferentckind
scofcoffensescwerecpunishablecbycdeathcundercEnglishclaw.
A. PurposecofcthecCriminalcLaw
Thecunderlyingcpurposecofctheccriminalclawcisctocpreventcandccontrolccrime.
Substantiveccriminalclawcconsistscofcthoseclaws,cmostlycstatutory,cthatcdefinecwhatcc
onstitutesccriminalcconductcsubjectctocprosecutioncbycthecstatecandcsetcforthcthecpuni
shmentcforcsuchccriminalcacts.
Proceduralccriminalclawcdictatescthecmethodscandcthecmeanscbycwhichcthecstatecp
roceeds,cthroughcthecpolice,cpubliccadministrators,candctheccourts,ctocenforcecrig
htscorcdutiescofcthecsubstantiveclaw.
Accrimechascbeenccommittedcwhencthecfollowingcelementscarecpresent:
Acwillfulcunlawfulcact,cthecactuscreus.
Acguiltycmind,cthecmenscrea.cThecguiltycmindcelementcdoescnotcrequirecintentctocvi
olatectheclaw,cbutcrathercthecintentctoccommitcthecactcthatctheclawcprohibits.
Acconcurrencecofcactcandcintent.
Thecoccurrencecofcharmctocacperson,cproperty,corcsociety.
Accausalcrelationshipcbetweenctheccriminalcactcandcthecharm.
B. StatutorycCriminalcLaw
Thecdevelopmentcofctheccommonclawcofccrimescthatcbegancinceleventh-
centurycEnglandccontinuesctocacsmallercdegreectoday,cbecausecsomecnonstatutoryccrimescarecstillc
recognizedcincsomecjurisdictions.cOtherwise,ctheccriminalclawcdevelopscandciscredefinedcbyclegis
lativecenactment,coftencincresponsectocsocietalcpressures.
C. ThecPrinciplecofcLegality
Anothercreasoncforcthecdeclinecofcjudiciallyccreatedccriminalclawcdefinitionsciscthecprinciplecofcle
gality,cwhichciscaccorecconceptcofcthecAmericancsystemcofccriminalcjustice.cUndercthiscprinciple,c
noconeccancbecpunishedcforcancactcthatcwascnotcdefinedcasccriminalcbeforecthecpersoncdidcthecact.
D. ContemporarycApplicationscofcCommoncLaw
Manycstateschavecabolishedccommonclawccrimes,crelyingcexclusivelyconcstatutorycorccodecdefini
tions.cEvencthoughctheccommonclawciscbutcancantecedentctoctoday‘scmoderncstatutoryccriminalcla
wcincmostcjurisdictions,ctheccommonclawcdefinitionscofccrimesccontinuectocplaycacrolecincundersta
ndingctheccriminalclaw.
Copyrightc©c2018cMcGraw-
HillcEducation.cAllcrightscreserved.cNocreproductioncorcdistributioncwithoutcthecpriorcwrittencconsentcofcMcGraw-
HillcEducation.
, 4
E. ThecModelcPenalcCode
Inc1923,cthecAmericancLawcInstitutec(ALI),cancorganizationcofclawyers,cjudges,candclegalcschol
ars,cwascfoundedcforcthecpurposecofcclarifyingcandcimprovingctheclaw.cInc1931,cacproposalcforcac
modelcpenalccodecwascpresented,cbutcthecDepressioncpreventedcfundingcthecproject.cHowever,ci
tcwascnotcuntilc1962,cafterc13ctentativecdrafts,cthatcthecALIcpublishedcthecProposedcOfficialcDraft
cofcthecModelcPenalcCode. cThecModelcPenalcCodec(MPC)ciscaccomprehensivecrecodificationco
fcthecprinciplescofccriminalcresponsibility.
F. ThecGrowthcofcFederalcCriminalcLaw
PriorctocthecCivilcWar,cthecpowerctocdefinecandcpunishccrimescincthecUnitedcStatescwascexercisedc
principallycbycthecstates.cSincecthecCivilcWar,cfederalccriminalclawchascexpandedctocoverlapcarea
scthatcpreviouslycwerecwithincthecexclusivecprovincecofcthecstates.cThus,ctherechascbeencancincrea
secincthecoverlapcofcfederalcandcstateccriminalclawcauthority.
III. StructurecofcthecCriminalcJusticecSystem
Theccriminalcjusticecsystemccancbecviewedcfromcatcleastcthreecperspectives:cascacsocialcsystem,cascacb
odycofclegalcrules,candcascancadministrativecsystem.
A. LawcEnforcement
Policecdepartmentscinccities,csheriff‘scdepartmentscinccounties,cstatecpolice,candcstatecbureausco
fcinvestigationccomprisectheclargestcnumbercofclawcenforcementcofficerscinctheccountry.cThecfou
rcbasiccpolicecfunctionscarecprevention,cinvestigation,cdetection,candccourtcpreparation.
B. ProsecutioncandcDefense
ThecAmericanccriminalcjusticecsystemciscancadversarialcone.cThiscmeanscthatcthecprocesscbycwhi
chcguiltciscdeterminedcisccompetitive,candcthecprosecutioncandcdefensecarecseencascadversaries,cor
crivals.cIncthecAmericanccriminalcjusticecsystem,cthecaccusedciscpresumedcinnocentcuntilcprovenc
guilty,candcthecrightctoccounselcattachescevencbeforechecorcsheciscbroughtctoccourtc(atcleastcwithcres
pectctocancaccused‘scdecisioncwhethercorcnotctocremaincsilent).
C. Courts
ThecUnitedcStateschascacdualcjudicialcsystemcconsistingcofcthecfederalcandcstateccourts.cFederalcco
urtscexistcthroughoutcthecnation,candceachcstatecalsochascitscowncjudicialcsystem.cAllcfederal
Copyrightc©c2018cMcGraw-
HillcEducation.cAllcrightscreserved.cNocreproductioncorcdistributioncwithoutcthecpriorcwrittencconsentcofcMcGraw-
HillcEducation.
SOLUTION MANUAL FORc c
CriminalcLawcforcthecCriminalcJusticecProfessionalcISEcNormancM.cGarland
Chapterc1-16
Chapter 1 c
Nature, Origins, Purposes, Structure, and Operation of the Criminal Justice System
c c c c c c c c c c
Chapter Objectives
c
Aftercreadingcandcstudyingcthiscchapter,cstudentscshouldcbecablectocaccomplishcthecfollowingcobjectives:
1. Statecacbasiccdefinitioncofclaw.
2. Explaincwhatcdistinguishesctheccriminalclawcfromcotherclaw.
3. Definectheccommonclaw.
4. Statecthecprinciplecofclegality.
5. ExplaincwhatcthecMPCcis.
6. DescribecthecfundamentalcstructurecofcthecAmericanccriminalcjusticecsystem.
7. Namecthecfourcbasiccpolicecfunctions.
8. Statecwhatciscrequiredcforcaclawcenforcementcofficerctocarrestcacsuspect.
9. Statecthecpurposecofcacpreliminarychearing.
10. Describecthectwocalternativecmethodscforcchargingcseriousccrimes.
11. Listcthecthreecpossiblecbasescforcacdefendant‘scpretrialcmotionctocdismiss.
12. Statecthecfourcpossiblecgroundscforcappealcofcaccriminalcconviction.
13. Statecwhencacdefendantciscentitledctocancattorneycatctrial.
Chapter Outline
c
I. ThecNaturecandcOriginscofcLaw
IncthecUnitedcStatesctoday,cmostccitizenscunderstandcthecconceptcofclawctocconsistcofcthecfollowing:
Thecfederal,cstate,corclocalcenactmentscofclegislativecbodies
Thecknowncdecisionscofctheccourtscofcthecfederalcandcstatecgovernments
Rulescandcregulationscproclaimedcbycadministrativecbodies
Proclamationscbycexecutivescofcthecfederal,cstate,corclocalcgovernment
Lawmakerscdistinguishcbetweenctwoctypescofcrules:c(1)creligiouscandcmoralcvaluescandc(2)crulesccreatedc
bycgovernmentctocprotectcindividualscandcpromotecsocialcwelfare.cPeoplecrecognizecthat
Copyrightc©c2018cMcGraw-
HillcEducation.cAllcrightscreserved.cNocreproductioncorcdistributioncwithoutcthecpriorcwrittencconsentcofcMcGraw-
HillcEducation.
, 2
somecactionscmaycbecimmoralcevencthoughctheycarecnotcillegal.cIncaddition,cpeoplecgenerallycbe
lievecthatctheycshouldcbecablectoclivecaccordingctoctheircreligiouscprinciples,casclongcasctheircactio
nscdocnotcviolatectheclaw.
A. EmergencecofcWrittencLaw
Fromctimecimmemorial,chumankindchascsoughtctocminimizecturmoilcandcchaoscbycthecimpositio
ncofcsomecsetcofcrulescbycwhichctoclive.cFromcthecedictscofckingscandcconquerorsctocthecU.S.cConst
itution,crulescofcconductcforcsocietychavecbeencproclaimedcandcenforced.
AncientcLaw:cAlthoughchumancsocietieschavecalwayschadcrulescofcconduct,cthecfirstcknow
ncwrittenclawscarecbelievedctocbecthosecfoundconcclayctabletscincUr,conecofctheccity-
statescofcSumeria.cTheycwereccreatedcaboutc5,000cyearscago.
EnglishcandcAmericancCommoncLaw:cEverycancientcnationceventuallycdevelopedcformalcl
egalccodes,candcthecAmericanclegalccodecderivescprimarilycfromcthatcofcEngland.
AftercWilliamcofcNormandycconqueredcEnglandcinc1066,checestablishedcthecey
re—
thatcis,caccourtcwithcjudgescwhoctraveledcthroughoutctheckingdomconceceverycse
vencyearsctochearccasescascrepresentativescofcthecking.
Thecdecisionscofcthesecjudgescandcofcothercmemberscofctheccentralcjudiciary
createdcbycthecNormansctocadministerctheclawcformedcaclargecpartcofcEngland‘sccommonc
law.
EmergencecofcModerncCriminalcLaw:cWhencthec13ccoloniescwerecestablishedcinc
America,ctheycadoptedcEngland‘sccommonclaw.
AsctheccoloniescdevelopedcandcthecUnitedcStatescwascformed,ctheclawcofcthecU
nitedcStatescdevelopedcseparatelycfromcthecEnglishccommonclawctradition.cEv
entually,cstatutoryclawcreplacedccommonclawctocmeetccitizens‘cneeds.
B. CivilcLawcversuscCriminalcLaw
Today,cthecU.S.cjudicialcsystemcprovidescforccriminalclawcviolations,calsoccalledccrimes,candccivi
lclawcviolations,calsoccalledctorts.
Criminalclawciscdifferentcfromcotherctypescofclaw,candcfromccivilclawcincparticular,cbeca
usecitcinvolvescacviolationcofcpubliccrightscandcduties,cwhichccreatecacsocialcharm.
Civilclawcdealscwithcmatterscthatcarecconsideredctocbecprivatecconcernscbetweencindivi
duals.cItcincludesclawscdealingcwithcpersonalcinjury,ccontracts,candcproperty,cascwellcasc
administrativeclaw.cAcviolationcofccivilclawcisccalledcactort.
II. CriminalcLawcincthecUnitedcStates
ThecAmericancandcFrenchcrevolutionscstimulatedcaclegislativecmovementcincthecareacofccriminal
Copyrightc©c2018cMcGraw-
HillcEducation.cAllcrightscreserved.cNocreproductioncorcdistributioncwithoutcthecpriorcwrittencconsentcofcMcGraw-
HillcEducation.
, 3
law.cOfcspecialcconcerncwascthecseveritycofctheccriminalclaw:cByc1800,cmorecthanc100cdifferentckind
scofcoffensescwerecpunishablecbycdeathcundercEnglishclaw.
A. PurposecofcthecCriminalcLaw
Thecunderlyingcpurposecofctheccriminalclawcisctocpreventcandccontrolccrime.
Substantiveccriminalclawcconsistscofcthoseclaws,cmostlycstatutory,cthatcdefinecwhatcc
onstitutesccriminalcconductcsubjectctocprosecutioncbycthecstatecandcsetcforthcthecpuni
shmentcforcsuchccriminalcacts.
Proceduralccriminalclawcdictatescthecmethodscandcthecmeanscbycwhichcthecstatecp
roceeds,cthroughcthecpolice,cpubliccadministrators,candctheccourts,ctocenforcecrig
htscorcdutiescofcthecsubstantiveclaw.
Accrimechascbeenccommittedcwhencthecfollowingcelementscarecpresent:
Acwillfulcunlawfulcact,cthecactuscreus.
Acguiltycmind,cthecmenscrea.cThecguiltycmindcelementcdoescnotcrequirecintentctocvi
olatectheclaw,cbutcrathercthecintentctoccommitcthecactcthatctheclawcprohibits.
Acconcurrencecofcactcandcintent.
Thecoccurrencecofcharmctocacperson,cproperty,corcsociety.
Accausalcrelationshipcbetweenctheccriminalcactcandcthecharm.
B. StatutorycCriminalcLaw
Thecdevelopmentcofctheccommonclawcofccrimescthatcbegancinceleventh-
centurycEnglandccontinuesctocacsmallercdegreectoday,cbecausecsomecnonstatutoryccrimescarecstillc
recognizedcincsomecjurisdictions.cOtherwise,ctheccriminalclawcdevelopscandciscredefinedcbyclegis
lativecenactment,coftencincresponsectocsocietalcpressures.
C. ThecPrinciplecofcLegality
Anothercreasoncforcthecdeclinecofcjudiciallyccreatedccriminalclawcdefinitionsciscthecprinciplecofcle
gality,cwhichciscaccorecconceptcofcthecAmericancsystemcofccriminalcjustice.cUndercthiscprinciple,c
noconeccancbecpunishedcforcancactcthatcwascnotcdefinedcasccriminalcbeforecthecpersoncdidcthecact.
D. ContemporarycApplicationscofcCommoncLaw
Manycstateschavecabolishedccommonclawccrimes,crelyingcexclusivelyconcstatutorycorccodecdefini
tions.cEvencthoughctheccommonclawciscbutcancantecedentctoctoday‘scmoderncstatutoryccriminalcla
wcincmostcjurisdictions,ctheccommonclawcdefinitionscofccrimesccontinuectocplaycacrolecincundersta
ndingctheccriminalclaw.
Copyrightc©c2018cMcGraw-
HillcEducation.cAllcrightscreserved.cNocreproductioncorcdistributioncwithoutcthecpriorcwrittencconsentcofcMcGraw-
HillcEducation.
, 4
E. ThecModelcPenalcCode
Inc1923,cthecAmericancLawcInstitutec(ALI),cancorganizationcofclawyers,cjudges,candclegalcschol
ars,cwascfoundedcforcthecpurposecofcclarifyingcandcimprovingctheclaw.cInc1931,cacproposalcforcac
modelcpenalccodecwascpresented,cbutcthecDepressioncpreventedcfundingcthecproject.cHowever,ci
tcwascnotcuntilc1962,cafterc13ctentativecdrafts,cthatcthecALIcpublishedcthecProposedcOfficialcDraft
cofcthecModelcPenalcCode. cThecModelcPenalcCodec(MPC)ciscaccomprehensivecrecodificationco
fcthecprinciplescofccriminalcresponsibility.
F. ThecGrowthcofcFederalcCriminalcLaw
PriorctocthecCivilcWar,cthecpowerctocdefinecandcpunishccrimescincthecUnitedcStatescwascexercisedc
principallycbycthecstates.cSincecthecCivilcWar,cfederalccriminalclawchascexpandedctocoverlapcarea
scthatcpreviouslycwerecwithincthecexclusivecprovincecofcthecstates.cThus,ctherechascbeencancincrea
secincthecoverlapcofcfederalcandcstateccriminalclawcauthority.
III. StructurecofcthecCriminalcJusticecSystem
Theccriminalcjusticecsystemccancbecviewedcfromcatcleastcthreecperspectives:cascacsocialcsystem,cascacb
odycofclegalcrules,candcascancadministrativecsystem.
A. LawcEnforcement
Policecdepartmentscinccities,csheriff‘scdepartmentscinccounties,cstatecpolice,candcstatecbureausco
fcinvestigationccomprisectheclargestcnumbercofclawcenforcementcofficerscinctheccountry.cThecfou
rcbasiccpolicecfunctionscarecprevention,cinvestigation,cdetection,candccourtcpreparation.
B. ProsecutioncandcDefense
ThecAmericanccriminalcjusticecsystemciscancadversarialcone.cThiscmeanscthatcthecprocesscbycwhi
chcguiltciscdeterminedcisccompetitive,candcthecprosecutioncandcdefensecarecseencascadversaries,cor
crivals.cIncthecAmericanccriminalcjusticecsystem,cthecaccusedciscpresumedcinnocentcuntilcprovenc
guilty,candcthecrightctoccounselcattachescevencbeforechecorcsheciscbroughtctoccourtc(atcleastcwithcres
pectctocancaccused‘scdecisioncwhethercorcnotctocremaincsilent).
C. Courts
ThecUnitedcStateschascacdualcjudicialcsystemcconsistingcofcthecfederalcandcstateccourts.cFederalcco
urtscexistcthroughoutcthecnation,candceachcstatecalsochascitscowncjudicialcsystem.cAllcfederal
Copyrightc©c2018cMcGraw-
HillcEducation.cAllcrightscreserved.cNocreproductioncorcdistributioncwithoutcthecpriorcwrittencconsentcofcMcGraw-
HillcEducation.
