NRSG 2500 Test 2 - QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED & REVISED ANSWERS (NEW) 2026.
Sodium
Range 135-145
Regulates water in & out of cell Muscle contraction & nerve impulses
Tx for hypernatremia:
Depending on cause:
Isotonic and/or hypotonic fluids
Tx for hyponatremia:
Treat underlying cause
Replace with PO or IV NaCl
Hypernatremia
Causes: Impaired kidney function, excessive consumption, IV fluids with NaCl, certain tube
feeds, Diabetes Insipidus, diarrhea, burns
S/S: Dehydrated, agitation, muscle twitching, hot & dry
Hyponatremia
Causes: low consumption, diuretics, vomiting, GI suction, diarrhea, sweating, Addison's,
SIADH, fluid overload, burns
,S/S: lethargy, muscle weakness, confusion, anorexia, hypotension, hypothermia, N/V, seizures,
coma
Food Sources of Sodium (Na)
Sauces
Pretzels
Pickles
Cured meat
Sea vegetables
Cheese
Milk
Fast foods
Spinach
Canned veggies
Salted nuts
Table salt
Potassium
Range 3.5-5.2
Manage nerve function & muscle contraction (heart)
Maintain fluid balance & BP
Regulated by kidneys
Tx for Hyperkalemia:
, IV sodium bicarb, IV calcium gluconate, D50 then IV insulin and albuterol, dialysis
Tx for Hypokalemia:
Oral supplement with food, PO K+, IV gtt, potassium sparing diuretics
Major intracellular cation
Monitor ECG!!
Decrease in HR and BP with both
Hyperkalemia (tight and contracted)
Causes: K+ sparing diuretics, kidney impairment, CPR, burns, trauma, Addison’s, consumption
S/S: arrhythmias, peaked T waves & ST, vfib, cramping, decreased reflexes, parasthesia,
confusion
Hypokalemia (low and slow)
Causes: dehydration, K+ wasting diuretics, corticosteroids, diarrhea, vomiting, NG tubes
(decompression), insulin
S/S: hypoactive bowel sounds, weakness, confusion, lethargy, decreased ST segment, inverted T
waves, shallow breathing
Food Sources of Potassium
Bananas
Spinach
Acorn squash
VERIFIED & REVISED ANSWERS (NEW) 2026.
Sodium
Range 135-145
Regulates water in & out of cell Muscle contraction & nerve impulses
Tx for hypernatremia:
Depending on cause:
Isotonic and/or hypotonic fluids
Tx for hyponatremia:
Treat underlying cause
Replace with PO or IV NaCl
Hypernatremia
Causes: Impaired kidney function, excessive consumption, IV fluids with NaCl, certain tube
feeds, Diabetes Insipidus, diarrhea, burns
S/S: Dehydrated, agitation, muscle twitching, hot & dry
Hyponatremia
Causes: low consumption, diuretics, vomiting, GI suction, diarrhea, sweating, Addison's,
SIADH, fluid overload, burns
,S/S: lethargy, muscle weakness, confusion, anorexia, hypotension, hypothermia, N/V, seizures,
coma
Food Sources of Sodium (Na)
Sauces
Pretzels
Pickles
Cured meat
Sea vegetables
Cheese
Milk
Fast foods
Spinach
Canned veggies
Salted nuts
Table salt
Potassium
Range 3.5-5.2
Manage nerve function & muscle contraction (heart)
Maintain fluid balance & BP
Regulated by kidneys
Tx for Hyperkalemia:
, IV sodium bicarb, IV calcium gluconate, D50 then IV insulin and albuterol, dialysis
Tx for Hypokalemia:
Oral supplement with food, PO K+, IV gtt, potassium sparing diuretics
Major intracellular cation
Monitor ECG!!
Decrease in HR and BP with both
Hyperkalemia (tight and contracted)
Causes: K+ sparing diuretics, kidney impairment, CPR, burns, trauma, Addison’s, consumption
S/S: arrhythmias, peaked T waves & ST, vfib, cramping, decreased reflexes, parasthesia,
confusion
Hypokalemia (low and slow)
Causes: dehydration, K+ wasting diuretics, corticosteroids, diarrhea, vomiting, NG tubes
(decompression), insulin
S/S: hypoactive bowel sounds, weakness, confusion, lethargy, decreased ST segment, inverted T
waves, shallow breathing
Food Sources of Potassium
Bananas
Spinach
Acorn squash
